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Task. Read pg.11-12 in Moral Problems' bookTake any additional notes for clarificationIn pairs do exercise 3 (p.g. 12-13)H/W: Argue for a) pacifism and b) vegetarianism from both a teleological viewpoint and deontological viewpoint. A Short History of Ethics. . Plato (428-327 BCE). Developed th

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    1. Starter What is normative ethics? Explain the term intrinsic What is the difference between deontological and teleological ethics? Give an example of a statement for each of the above.

    2. Task Read pg.11-12 in ‘Moral Problems’ book Take any additional notes for clarification In pairs do exercise 3 (p.g. 12-13) H/W: Argue for a) pacifism and b) vegetarianism from both a teleological viewpoint and deontological viewpoint

    3. A Short History of Ethics

    4. Plato (428-327 BCE) Developed the idea of Objective right and wrong Called the objective place ‘The realm of the forms’ or ‘The Realm of Ideas’ Goodness, Truth and beauty are eternal qualities and concepts and exist in the realm of forms/ideas The Form of the Good Therefore we know what is right and wrong through the process of philosophical reasoning

    5. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Virtue theory Right and wrong is developing excellences or virtues which exist in us. Therefore ethics is situated in the individual Came up with a list of virtues eg. Intellectual virtues (art, science, wisdom) and moral virtues (courage, truthfulness, patience, friendliness) Habit and instruction is the way forward

    6. Christian Biblical Tradition (c. 1500BCE – 100CE) Old Testament: Divine Command. The Ten commandments. Do the will of God. If God says kill everyone in a nation then not doing it would be immoral! New Testament: The model of Jesus: “Do unto other as you would have them do unto you”

    7. Aquinas: a later Christian thinker (1225-74) Natural Moral Law Everyone and everything has a purpose which is revealed in its design. Fulfilment of that design is morality and goodness. God is the designer and we should act in the way we were designed. Purpose was discovered through reason and the scriptures.

    8. Hume 1711-76 (Empiricist) The ultimate sceptic. Everything should be doubted. Said if you couldn’t empirically or rationally prove something then it exists in the realm of metaphysics. ‘Murder is wrong’. You cannot empirically prove ‘wrong’ Passions cause us to ‘act’. Then reason steps in to inform us of our decision. Instinct followed by reason. However, we act in a humane way as we all share the same sympathy

    9. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) Disagreed with Hume. Believed we can act according to reason and not passions Deontologist. Morality is not ‘out there’ in the consequences of an action but rather in the action itself. Categorical imperative: ‘So act that the maxim of your will could always hold at the same time as a principle establishing universal law’ Act according to your Duty.

    10. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. (1784-1873) The principle of Utility An action is judged good or bad according the results is achieves (consequentialist/teleological) ‘The greatest good for the greatest number’ What is moral is whatever achieves the greatest good for the greatest number of people Good = pleasure Bentham= Good is quantity of pleasure Mill = Good is quality of pleasure

    11. Meta-ethics (Ethics Today) Leading from the work of Hume….

    12. G.E.Moore: Intuitionist (1903) Goodness cannot be defined as it is unlike any other quality. We know something is good through our ‘intuition’ – it is self evident.

    13. The Logical Positivists A theory called ‘emotivism’ Moral statements are not facts. They cannot be proven (empirically), therefore essentially they are meaningless. To examine the meaning of language. When someone says ‘Homosexuality is wrong’ – what are they really saying? Answer ‘Homosexuality BOO’! Therefore moral statements express the personal views of the speaker! They are just personal preferences or opinions. Wrong = I do not approve of this.

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