By the 6 th Grade Computer Class

1. Ancient Egypt By the 6th Grade Computer Class

2. Egyptian Government Slides 2-7 (Government) by Clara

3. In Egyptian Government the pharaoh is the highest of all. The people of Egypt considered the pharaoh to be a half-man, half-god.He (or sometimes she) owned all of Egypt and everything in it, including the people, animals, land and the tools, even the Nile River. The citizens gave the pharaoh portions of their crops in taxes. Workers donated their labor, and artists created art for the pharaoh. This made the pharaoh an extremely wealthy person. The government built storehouses to hold grain that was given as tax payment. During times of severe draught the pharaoh would give some of this grain to the hungry Egyptians. Egyptian Pharaohs

4. Monarchy The pharaoh could tell anybody what to do, and they would have to listen to him (or her). This was called monarchy. The pharaoh would pick rich people and assign them to different estates. These rich people would tell other people what to do for the pharaoh, and they would have to do whatever the pharaoh told them. Monarchy : supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person.

5. Egyptian Royal Dynasties The pharaoh was usually succeeded by his oldest son. The son was trained throughout his life to take over the role of pharaoh after his father's death. Sometimes rivalries and secret plots caused a change in this succession. Egypt had thirty royal dynasties ruling for more than three thousand years due to this.

6. The Government’s Role The pharaoh chose one or two viziers, or prime ministers, to help him. The pharaoh's most important role was to serve as a lawmaker and warrior.  The pharaoh had thousands of government workers to help him. They made sure the laws were carried out. They kept records of crops. The government also trained troops and carried on wars. Soldiers, policemen, and custom officers kept track of who came in and out of the country. They used trained dogs to capture thieves, runaway slaves, or people trying to leave the country without paying taxes.

7. The Pharaoh’s Attire Pharaohs wore fake beards and tails. The false beards were usually blue. No one knows why the pharaoh wore the beard. The tail was to remind the people that the pharaoh had magical powers, animal powers. The pharaoh also carried a shepherd's staff and a flail or whip. The staff represented a shepherd's protection and the flail reminded the Egyptians that they'd better do what the king wanted. The pharaoh never let his hair be seen. He wore a crown for ceremonies and a headdress called a nemes for everyday life.

8. King Tut Slides 8-10 (King Tut) by Cole

9. Who was King Tut? • The 12th ruler in Egypt's 18th Dynasty. • Most likely the son of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV • Married to his probable half-sister Ankhesenamun, the daughter of Akhneten and the famous Queen Nefertiti. • Died when he was about 18, having ruled for nine years, and so is often called the Boy King. • Tut's death is something of a mystery; x-rays taken in 1968 seemed to indicate that he may have been killed by a blow to his head, but 21st-century scientific analysis suggested he may have died after breaking a leg, possibly from infection to the wound.

10. Tut’s Ornaments • One of them is the vulture and cobra collar. The collar was cut from a single sheet of gold that was found on the king’s body • Another one is King Tut’s crown. It was made of pure gold with inlays of glass and semiprecious stones

11. EGYPTIAN PEOPLE Slides 11-16 (People) by Coledon

12. Marriage in Egypt • Women in Egypt were expected to get married between the ages of 12-15. • Marriage in Egypt was regulated by custom rather than by the law. • Men and women drew up property contracts at the time of marriage in the event of death or divorce. • Then the woman traveled home with her new husband.

13. Clothing • Both men and women in Egypt wore tunics which were sewn to fit them. • These tunics were like a long T-shirt which reached to the knees [for men] or to the ankles [for women]. • The men and women never covered their heads. • Egyptians also wore jewelry

14. Education • The people of Egypt weren't very well-educated unless they had money. • Some of the people would send their sons to Scribe School where they would learn how to read and write.

15. Egyptian Homes • The people of Egypt lived in little huts built with bricks made out of mud. • There was usually a big room with a place to cook and other areas to sleep. • Animals were kept outside by the garden.

16. The Social Pyramid

17. The Nile River The World’s Largest River Slides 17-21 (The Nile)by Hailey

18. The Nile River is the largest river in the world, stretching north for approximately 4,000 miles from East Africa to the Mediterranean.

19. Three rivers flowed into the Nile from the South, serving as its sources: The Blue Nile, The White Nile, and the Arabia. Southern Egypt, thus being upstream, is called Upper Egypt, and the Northern Egypt, being downstream and the Delta, is called Lower Egypt.

20. The Nile supplied a constant influx of fish which were cultivated year round. In addition to fish, water fowl and cattle were also kept by the Egyptians. Flocks of geese were raised from the earliest times and supplied eggs, meat and fat.

21. The Nile River flowed from South to North at an average speed of about four knots during inundation season. The water level was an average of about 25-33 feet deep and navigation was fast. That made a river voyage from Thebes North to Memphis lasting approximately two weeks. The Nile was the country’s main highway, carrying both goods and people. Truly, the Nile is the heart of the ancient and modern land of Egypt!

22. Egyptian Math The Egyptians had a number system using 7 different symbols. 1 is shown by a single stroke. 10 is shown by a drawing of a hobble for cattle. 100 is represented by a coil of rope. 1,000 is a drawing of a lotus plant. 10,000 is represented by a finger and 100,000 by a tadpole or frog. 1,000,000 is the figure of a god with arms raised above his head. Slides 22-24 (Math)by Jacob

23. The Number System The Egyptians used a grouping system for numbering called “Hieroglyphics”. They had symbols for 1-1,000,000.

24. Instead of writing  2/5, they wrote 1/3 + 1/15. For  2/7, they wrote  1/4  +  1/28. Some of the fractions were very complicated. For  2/29, they wrote 1/24   +  1/58 +  1/174   +  1/232 ! How do we know about Egyptian fractions? The written record goes all the way back to 1650 B.C. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus contains a table of Egyptian fractions copied from another papyrus 200 years older. We know they used this system for over 2,000 years!

25. Egyptian Food The Egyptians made wheat into bread and into soup and porridge. They also added hops to make the barley into beer. In fact, some people think the real reason that the Egyptians first began growing grain was to make beer. This is an Egyptian model of beer jars which the Egyptians made to put in your grave when you died so you would have beer in the next world. Slides 25-26 (Food) By Kimberly

26. Dessert For dessert, the Egyptians liked to eat dates. This is a picture of some real Egyptian dates which were put into somebody's grave for them to eat in the next world. They were preserved in the dry climate for three thousand years until archaeologists dug them up again.

27. Geography of Egypt Egypt is located in the northern part of Africa. To the north of Egypt is the Mediterranean Sea and to the east of Egypt is the Red Sea. Slides 27-30 (Geography) By Kimberly

28. Geography of Egypt The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land, the 'black land' and the 'red land'. Black Land Red Land

29. Black Land The 'black land' was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this land for growing their crops. This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black soil was deposited there every year after the Nile flooded. Black Land

30. Red Land The 'red land' was the desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient Egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies. They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for metals and semi-precious stones. Red Land

31. EGYPTIAN ART Slides 31-33 (Art) by Kyle

32. EGYPTIAN ART • For 3000 years the Ancient Egyptian people practiced an art form and style that is almost immediately recognizable. For 3000 years there was no change in Egyptian style.

33. These are some examples of Egyptian Art.

34. Egyptian Games & Activities The games people played in ancient Egypt were very similar to some games people still play today. They played games with pieces like checkers, mancala, or senet. They played with knucklebones, like jacks, and they played games with dice too. Slides 34-37 (Games) by Maria 34

35. More Egyptian Games Pictured here are some of the other toys that the children of Egypt played with. The oldest toys made in Egypt were toy wooden boats. From the same period baked clay animals and rattles have been discovered. 35

36. Egyptian Leisure and Recreation The ancient Egyptians had great lives and although they built a magnificent civilization by hard work they never forgot leisure and recreation. The ancient Egyptians had games to play as adults and children. Mostly board games were available but also toys were made for the little children. 36

37. The Game of Senet • Popular Ancient Egyptian board game mostly played by adults • Played mainly by wealthy adults • The game symbolized the struggle of good against evil. The evil forces tried to stop you from reaching the Kingdom of the god Osiris. • One of these games was found in the tomb of Hesy along with painting of it and how to play. • The rules of this game were very complex. It consisted of a board with 30 holes, 3 rows and 10 columns. Most of the games used 7 pawns, sticks or knucklebones for each of the two players but some only had 5. • During the New Kingdom, the game of Senet had acquired a religious and magical meaning which symbolized the passage of the deceased through the other world with his resurrection dependant upon his/her ability to win the game. 37 Queen Nefertiry playing Senet

38. Ancient Egyptian Tombs Slides 38-41 (tombs)by Nick

39. Why Did the Egyptians Use Pyramids? • They thought the pyramids would protect the mummified pharaohs. • They also made a sphinx, an animal with the body of a lion and the head of a king or a god, to protect them.

40. The Great Pyramid • The Great Pyramid is the largest pyramid ever built. It is made from about 2.3 million stone blocks, weighing an average of 2.5 to 15 tons each. It is estimated that the workers would have had to set a block every two and a half minutes. • The pyramid has three burial chambers. The first is underground, carved into bedrock. The second, above ground chamber was called the queen's chamber by early explorers. We now know it was never intended to house one of Khufu's wives but perhaps a sacred statue of the king himself. The third is the king's chamber, which held a red granite sarcophagus placed almost exactly at the center of the pyramid. • The king's chamber is accessed through the 26-foot-high Grand Gallery, which was sealed off from thieves by sliding granite blocking systems.

41. What is in the tombs? If you were to walk into an Egyptian tomb, you would see all sorts of gold, bronze, and silver artifacts and a big golden coffin in the middle of the room. Just imagine seeing all of the riches and treasures.

42. Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Slides 42-44 (Gods and Goddesses) by Rose 42

43. Sekhmet Nun Aten River goddess Goddess of war Sun god The Egyptians mainly based their Gods and Goddesses on protection, nature and everyday tasks. For instance, if they wanted a very sunny day, they would pray to Aten, one of the sun Gods. They would do the same thing to Nun for good boating days. 43

44. The Egyptians’ Gods and Goddesses were very important to them. • They believed that they were the cause of every good thing in their lives. • They believed that Ra, the sun god, was the most powerful god ever. Ra 44

45. Trade in Ancient Egypt Slides 45-47 (Trade) ByTaylor

46. About Trade In Ancient Egypt • They traded • Arts • Crafts • Food • Crops • Metals • Blankets • Jewelry

47. Egyptian Trade Sites Ancient Egyptian trade Egyptian Trade Sites

48. Egyptian Mummies Slides 48-51 (Mummies)by Willie

49. Mummies • The earliest Egyptians buried their dead in pits. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating life like and natural ‘mummies’.

50. Mummies Over many centuries, the ancient Egyptians developed a method of preserving bodies so they would remain life like. The process included embalming the bodes & wrapping them in strips of linen.