Mastitis Pathogens

3. Mastitis

8. Milk Cultures Infection level in herd Type of infections Source of infections Control and Prevention

9. Milk Cultures Infection level in herd Type of infections Source of infections Control and Prevention Treatment

10. Milk Cultures

12. Mastitis: Intramammary Infection IMI

13. Contagious Mastitis Definition: Caused by pathogens passed from cow to cow at milking via hands, inflations, wash rags and other vectors

14. Contagious Mastitis

15. Contagious Pathogens

17. Strep ag MastitisStreptococcus agalactiae Lives only in infected quarters Spread from cow to cow(milking, hands, common cloth) Subclinical High SCC and Reduced production Treatment: Lactation 60 - 95% (75%) Dry off 80 - 98%

18. Strep ag SusceptibleLaboratory Testing

19. Strep ag Susceptible Herd Treatment - NY

20. Approved IMM Drug List Amoxi-Mast- Rx Masti-Clear - OTC Dariclox- Rx Gallimycin-36 - OTC Hetacin K- Rx Pirsue- Rx ToDAY (Cefa-lak)- OTC

21. Strep ag Mastitis Control & Prevention: pre & post milking teat dipping separate paper towel milk infected cows last dry cow treat all cows screen replacements (home & purchase animals) CMT, culture milk or culture bulk tank milk know the history of the purchase herd

22. Strep ag Mastitis

25. Lives in infected quarters & infected skin injured teat ends (mechanical, chemical, weather) Spread from cow to cow(milking, hands, common cloth) Nonclinical with high SCC & reduce production Clinical (mild to severe) with repeated flare-ups Treatment: Lactation 15% (10 � 60) Dry off 50% (40 � 70) Can become �chronic�, long standing infections Staph MastitisStaphylococcus aureus

26. Staph Mastitis Control & Prevention: pre & post milking teat dipping separate paper towel milk infected cows last dry cow treat all cows cull cows with long standing infections (chronic) screen replacements (home & purchase animals)

27. Treatment of S.aureus IMIAntibiotics

28. Staphylococci MastitisStaph intermedius, Staph hyicus, Staph chromogenes

29. Staphylococci MastitisStaph intermedius, Staph hyicus, Staph chromogenes

30. Mastitis in HeifersCoagulase-Negative Staphylococci Lactating cows: highest prevalence of CNS during lactation occurs at calving CNS are part of normal skin flora Many infections are transient Estimates of infection prevalence for heifers at calving 2-20% of quarters

31. Mycoplasma MastitisMycoplasma bovis Lives in infected quarters, respiratory & reproductive tract Spread from cow to cow (milking, nasal & vaginal discharge) Subclinical; high SCC and reduce production Clinical; multiple quarters (mild to severe) mulitple quarters, sandy texture & tannish-color milk joint infections- swollen & lame Treatment: none nonresponsive to antibiotic treatment

32. Culturing Mycoplasma

33. Mycoplasma Mastitis Control & Prevention: pre & post milking teat dipping milk infected cows last cull infected cows or segregate infected cows culture replacements (home & purchase animals) culture bulk tanks or know herd history

34. Mycoplasma bovis- when to be concerned

35. Mycoplasma bovis- when to be concerned

36. Environmental Mastitis

38. ColiformsE. coliKlebsiellae sp Etiology: fecal organisms poor hygiene (not cow to cow) higher incidence in hot summer (July-Aug) bedding (Klebsiella with wood products Clinical mastitis Acute/toxic (15% will be severe & life threating) rarely chronic (Klebsiella more common)

39. ColiformsE. coliKlebsiellae sp Treatment: supportive fluids (IV & oral) NSAID (ei, Banimine-flunixin meglumine, etc) antibiotic therapy of little value Control & Prevention Clean & dry bedding inorganic - sand maintained and monitored J-5 vaccination in dry period (3x)

40. Acute Coliform Mastitis Therapy Antimcrobials will NOT replace a competent immune system! selenium-vitamin E concurrent metabolic disease core-antigen vaccines Shock is the primary concern Correction of tissue perfusion deficits

41. Supportive Fluids 40 to 60 L of isotonic saline OR 2 L of 7.5% saline (hypertonic) Hypocalcemia is most consistent serum chemistry change

42. ColiformsE. coliKlebsiellae sp Treatment: supportive fluids (IV & oral) NSAID antibiotic therapy of little value Control & Prevention Clean & dry bedding inorganic - sand maintained and monitored J-5 vaccination in dry period (3x)

45. Streptococcus MastitisStr. uberis, enterococci, Str. dysgalactiae Etiology: fecal organisms, rumen, genitalia poor hygiene (not cow to cow) higher incidence late dry period any time during lactation Clinical mastitis mild (<15% will be clinical ) usually short duration, can become chronic (ave 45 days) Treatment Lactation 15-85% (78% , Wilson, 1993) Dry off >75%

46. Streptococcus sp susceptibility93 isolates

47. Efficacy for Gram-Positive Pathogens

48. Antimicrobials and mild mastitis No antimicrobial use increased SCC, prevalence of Strep uberis

49. Streptococcus MastitisStr. uberis, enterococci, Str. dysgalactiae Control & Prevention premilking sanitation - Teat Dipping clean & dry: housing & bedding dry cows management close up & maternity pens clean dry bedding

51. Serratia spp Etiology: common soil & plant inhabit poor hygiene & wet areas resistant in chlorhexidine gluconate teat dips greater incidence from dry period Clinical mastitis mild chronic lasting several lactations nonresponsive to therapy Control check teat dip & environmental sanitation E. coli J5 vaccine to reduce incidence & severity

52. Pseudomonas spp Etiology: water & wet bedding poor hygiene & wet areas resistant in chlorhexidine gluconate teat dips low level iodine in drop hoses contaminated water system (hot water heaters) Clinical mastitis chronic infection nonresponsive to therapy Control check teat dip & environmental sanitation sand bedding E. coli J5 vaccine to reduce incidence & severity

53. Corynebacterium bovis (differ from Arcanbacterium pyogenes)

54. Corynebacterium (Arcanbacterium pyogenes)

55. Yeast/Nocardia(Opportunistic pathogen)

56. These pie charts show the culture result of the clinical cases for the two dairies from September 2002 to June 2003. Both herd had similar levels of clinical cases where no pathogens were isolated from the milk. 53% for the denDulk dairy and 55% for Green Meadows. This is similar to that shown in the last presentation by Dr. Hess. Coliform infections were isolated 22% of the cases for den Dulk and 14% for Green Meadow�s dairies. Gram-positive pathogens of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal bacteria was isolated 22% and 19%, respectively. Staph aureus infection accounted for the higher Gram-positive pathogens in the denDulk herd.These pie charts show the culture result of the clinical cases for the two dairies from September 2002 to June 2003. Both herd had similar levels of clinical cases where no pathogens were isolated from the milk. 53% for the denDulk dairy and 55% for Green Meadows. This is similar to that shown in the last presentation by Dr. Hess. Coliform infections were isolated 22% of the cases for den Dulk and 14% for Green Meadow�s dairies. Gram-positive pathogens of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal bacteria was isolated 22% and 19%, respectively. Staph aureus infection accounted for the higher Gram-positive pathogens in the denDulk herd.

57. This decision tree was used on the dairy to determine the type of treatment for clinical mastitis. No antibiotic were used before examining the culture results. At the time that the clinical episode occurred: Cows without fever were separated and monitored. Cows with a fever were given an anti-inflammatory and fluids if needed. Follow culture examination on the following day, the treated protocols basically divided the cows into two categories: 1)Gram-positive pathogens which received antibiotic treatment, or 2) Gram-negative pathogens or �no growth on culture� that did NOT receive antibiotic treatment. This decision tree was used on the dairy to determine the type of treatment for clinical mastitis. No antibiotic were used before examining the culture results. At the time that the clinical episode occurred: Cows without fever were separated and monitored. Cows with a fever were given an anti-inflammatory and fluids if needed. Follow culture examination on the following day, the treated protocols basically divided the cows into two categories: 1)Gram-positive pathogens which received antibiotic treatment, or 2) Gram-negative pathogens or �no growth on culture� that did NOT receive antibiotic treatment.