The only places on Earth where most reptiles cannot live are very

1. The only places on Earth where most reptiles cannot live are very • hot areas. • cold areas. • dry areas. • wet areas.

2. Suppose you know that vertebrate X has lungs and lays eggs with several protective membranes. What else would you need to know about vertebrate X to determine if it is a reptile? • how many limb girdles it has • whether it lives on land • whether it has a well-developed skull • what its skin is like

3. One way an ectotherm can warm its body is to • move into the shade. • bask in the sun. • speed up its metabolism. • crawl into an underground burrow.

4. In what way is the body plan of a snake different from that of a typical reptile? • Snakes have moist skin. • Snakes do not have lungs. • Snakes have two-chambered hearts. • Snakes have no legs.

5. The earliest known reptiles lived during the • Permian Period. • Triassic Period. • Carboniferous Period. • Cretaceous Period.

6. One reason for the first great adaptive radiation of reptiles was that • reptiles could reproduce away from water. • reptiles were strictly aquatic. • Earth’s climate became warmer and more humid. • lakes and swamps became more numerous.

7. A survey of the number of dinosaur fossils over different geologic periods would show • roughly the same number from the Carboniferous Period through the Cretaceous Period. • a sharp decrease around the end of the Cretaceous Period. • a gradual decrease during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods. • the greatest number during the Permian Period.

8. Into what two major groups are dinosaurs classified? • Ornithischia and Testudines • Coleophysis and Squamata • Saurischia and Testudines • Saurischia and Ornithischia

9. Which of the following is NOT thought to have contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs? • massive volcanic eruptions • the collision of an asteroid or comet • the rising of sea level • major forest fires

10. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that enables reptiles to live out of water? • having two limb girdles • having lungs • having scaly skin • laying eggs that have protective membranes

11. Most reptiles exchange gases through their • gills. • skin. • lungs. • limbs.

12. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood undergo the least mixing in the heart of a • crocodile. • turtle. • snake. • lizard.

13. Which reptile would be most likely to excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid? • an aquatic turtle • a desert tortoise • a crocodile • an alligator

14. One method snakes use to locate prey is to flick their tongue in the air and then draw their tongue across the roof of their mouth. In this method, the function of the tongue is to • collect chemicals in the air. • measure the temperature of the air. • pick up vibrations from the air. • sense the direction of the wind.

15. A small animal crouches 1 m in front of a pit viper in total darkness. A gentle breeze is blowing in the direction from the viper toward the small animal. The viper will have the greatest chance of detecting the small animal if the small animal • remains motionless. • releases an odor. • is brightly colored. • is warmer than its surroundings.

16. Compared with the limbs of most amphibians, the limbs of some reptiles tend to be • smaller and weaker. • capable of carrying less weight. • located farther beneath the body. • less specialized in form and function.

17. All reptiles reproduce by • internal fertilization, and most are oviparous. • internal fertilization, and most are viviparous. • external fertilization, and most are viviparous. • external fertilization, and all are ovoviviparous.

18. The difference between reptilian eggs and amphibian eggs is that reptilian eggs • must develop in water. • always hatch inside the mother’s body. • are surrounded by a protective shell and membranes. • do not contain an embryo.

19. A four-chambered heart is found in • tuataras. • snakes. • turtles. • alligators.

20. The tuatara belongs to the order • Squamata. • Crocodilia. • Testudines. • Sphenodonta.

21. Most lizards have all of the following EXCEPT • clawed toes. • a third eye. • movable eyelids. • external ears.

22. Caimans and gavials belong to the order • Squamata. • Crocodilia. • Testudines. • Sphenodonta.

23. The dorsal part of a turtle’s shell is called the • carapace. • plastron. • amnion. • allantois.

24. The vertebral column exhibits the least flexibility among reptiles in the order • Squamata. • Crocodilia. • Testudines. • Sphenodonta.

25. As the geographic range of a species becomes more limited, the extinction of that species becomes more likely. By this criterion, which group of reptiles faces the greatest threat of extinction? • lizards • snakes • turtles • tuataras

26. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all birds? • They have an outer covering of feathers. • They maintain a constant internal body temperature. • They have two legs. • They can fly.

27. An endotherm is an animal that • has a low rate of metabolism. • can generate its own body heat. • stores large amounts of food in its stomach. • can see color very well.

28. What is the order in which food passes through the digestive system of a seed-eating bird? • large intestine ® crop ® stomach ® small intestine • stomach ® large intestine ® crop ® small intestine • crop ® stomach ® small intestine ® large intestine • crop ® large intestine ® small intestine ® stomach

29. Which observation supports the statement that birds are reptilelike animals? • Birds’ front limbs usually do not have useful claws. • Birds have only two legs. • Birds excrete uric acid. • Birds generate their own body heat.

30. If birds evolved directly from dinosaurs but modern reptiles did not, you would expect birds to • be more similar to modern reptiles than to dinosaurs. • have the same characteristics as all species of dinosaurs. • have all of the characteristics of dinosaurs and none of the characteristics of modern reptiles. • have some characteristics that dinosaurs had but that modern reptiles lack.

31. One characteristic that Archaeopteryx had but most dinosaurs lacked was • feathers. • teeth. • a tail. • claws.

32. The fact that Archaeopteryx had teeth in its beak and well-developed feathers covering its body suggests that Archaeopteryx was a • powerful flier. • transitional species. • modern bird. • dinosaur.

33. In which part of a bird’s digestive system is food stored and moistened before it enters the stomach? • cloaca • small intestine • gizzard • crop

34. The main function of contour feathers is to • trap air close to a bird’s body. • provide the lifting force and balance needed for flight. • make a bird’s respiratory system more efficient. • release a powder that repels water.

35. A bird’s respiratory system is more efficient than that of other land vertebrates because • inhaled air passes directly into the lungs. • oxygen-poor air is inhaled along with oxygen-rich air. • air flows through the lungs in only one direction. • none of the space in the lungs is occupied by tubes.

36. Birds that fly at high altitudes need an especially efficient respiratory system because • at high altitudes the air sacs do not function. • there is little oxygen in the atmosphere at high altitudes. • at high altitudes birds flap their wings faster. • there is little carbon dioxide at high altitudes.

37. The structure of a bird’s heart ensures that • oxygen-rich blood never mixes with oxygen-poor blood. • oxygen-rich blood is always pumped to the lungs. • oxygen-poor blood is always pumped to the body. • oxygen-poor blood never enters the heart.

38. The easiest way to distinguish a bird’s egg from a reptile’s egg is to • determine whether the egg contains an amnion. • count the number of membranes in the egg. • test the hardness of the outer shell. • find out if the egg is waterproof.

39. In flying birds, many large bones are • fused together. • made of lightweight cartilage. • easily broken. • strengthened with steel.

40. The largest order of birds consists of • birds of prey. • flightless birds. • parrots. • perching birds.

41. If a bird has a hooked bill and sharp talons, it might be a(an) • water bird. • ostrich. • bird of prey. • perching bird.

42. A bird that inhabits a saltwater marsh might be a relative of a • pelican or heron. • parrot or game bird. • perching bird or cavity-nesting bird. • bird of prey or ostrich.

43. Insect-eating birds are beneficial to human society because they • pollinate flowers. • help keep mosquito populations under control. • disperse seeds. • help insect populations to grow.

44. Which of the following is NOT a likely mechanism by which migrating birds find their way? • using stars as guides • following landmarks • following the scent of certain flowers • sensing Earth’s magnetic field

45. Careless use of DDT harmed birds because it • killed plants that birds eat. • killed plants that hide birds from predators. • made birds’ feathers fall off. • accumulated in the food chain and poisoned birds.

46. A reptile is a vertebrate that has moist skin. _________________________ • True • False

47. An animal that controls its body temperature by varying its position in the environment is an ectotherm. _________________________ • True • False

48. The Mesozoic Era is often called the Age of Reptiles. _________________________ • True • False

49. Reptiles that live mainly in water excrete most of their nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid. _________________________ • True • False

50. In a reptile’s egg, the amnion stores wastes produced by the embryo. _________________________ • True • False