March 27 - 28, 2001 International Systems Fire Protection Working Group Long Beach, Ca

1. Fuel Load Effects on Inert Ullage for Ground-Based Inerting March 27 - 28, 2001International Systems Fire Protection Working GroupLong Beach, Ca AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

2. Outline • Background • Inerting Level Data • Agitation Data • Manifold Data • Altitude Data AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

3. Background • Focus of the Testing is to Determine the Effect of fuel on an Inert Ullage Space • Have 17 Cubic Foot Tank with Oxygen Analysis, [THC] Analysis, Fuel and Ullage Temperature. • Test Article in Environmental Chamber with Altitude and Temperature Capability and can be inerted with bottled N2 • Have Capability to Aireate Fuel, Recirculate Ullage Gas, Pump Fuel, or Inert Through Fuel via a Gas Dispersion Manifold in Bottom of Tank • Have Data Acquisition System on Line. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

4. Inerting Level Tests • Inerting Tank to Different Starting Levels • 6, 8, and 10 Percent Oxygen at Start • Inerted Tank with 95% NEA • Stabilized then Recirculated for 45 Minutes • Results Somewhat Unexpected • Inerting to Lower Levels had Decreased Performance of the Fuel / Inert Ullage Relationship • This translates into Diminishing Returns AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

5. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

6. Agitation Tests • Inerting Tank to 8% Starting Level • Three Different Methods of Liberating Excess Oxygen from Fuel; Recirculation, Sloshing, and Radiant Bottom Heating • Inerted Tank with 95% NEA • Stabilized then Performed Method Prescribed to Examine the Relative Effect • Results As Expected • Most Effective Method was Recirculation • Heating was Effective Method, but takes a Long Time • Sloshing Utilized Unrealistic AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

7. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

8. Manifold Inerting Tests • Inerting Tank to Approximately 8% Starting Level Through Fuel • Basic Manifold was Tube with Holes in Tank Bottom • Inerted Tank with 95% NEA • Measured VTE to Inert and Increase in Oxygen Concentration due to Recirculation • Results Surprising • Inerting Through Manifold Provides Some Benefit Against Oxygen Concentration Increase Even with 95% NEA, But Requires More NEA to Wash Ullage • Could get Greater Benefit with More Elaborate Manifold or Higher Purity NEA AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

9. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

10. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

11. Preliminary Altitude Tests • Inerted Tank to Approximately 8% Starting Level in Environmental Chamber with Different Fuel Loads • Used In-House Developed O2 Analyzer • Inerted Tank with Aircraft Grade Nitrogen • Used Standard Misson for Preliminary Results • 1 Hour on Ground • 12 Minute Accent • 2 Hour Cruise • Rapid Decent • Pumped Fuel Through Manifold to Stimulate Evolution • Fuel Load Constant AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

12. Preliminary Altitude Tests (cont.) • Results As Expected • Time at Altitude is Primary Driver of O2 Evolution • Maximum O2 Concentration Dependant on Fuel Load AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

13. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D

14. Future Work • Validate Existing Data with Repeat Testing • Study the Effect of Accent Rate on Oxygen Evolution at Altitude • Study the Effect of Stimulation Method on Oxygen Evolution at Altitude • Measure [THC] Time Evolution • Repeat Manifold Experiments with 98% NEA. AAR-422 Fire Safety R&D