What kind of conflict did you just witness?

2. What kind of conflict did you just witness? • A) Ideological • B) Historical • C) Territorial • D) PMS-induced b!tchfest?

3. Bilateral talks • Intervention by third parties • More war Causes Solutions • Religious/cultural • Justice • Historical differences • Ideological • Conquest / • Acquisition War and Terrorism Impact Consider the paradox - wars are fought to maintain peace Forms • Moral • Territorial • Geographical • Economic • Political • Military • Psychological • Biological • Cold

4. WAR & TERRORISM a history & sociology of rage, violence and ideological change

5. Definition • War is a state of prolonged violent, large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people. • Factors: territory, sovereignty, ideology, or after failure of peaceful resolutions

6. Key Historical Examples of Warfare(significant events) • Revolutionary Wars (French Revolution 1789, Russian Revolution 1917, Chinese Revolution 1927) • World War I & II (btwn ‘Axis and Axle’ powers) • Cold War (between US & USSR fr 1940-90s) • Civil unrest (Thirty Years' War in Europe 1618-48, American Civil War 1861-5, Northern Irish civil war, 1969–1998, Rwandan Civil War 1990-4, Iraq Civil War 2003-present, Palestinian Civil War 2006-present)

7. Theories of Warfare • Historical: random and to a large extent, destined • Psychological: driven by man’s inherent violence in dealing with conflict • Anthropological: based on traditional, religious, nationalistic and ideological environment • Sociological: product of the economic, social, and political situation of a country at war • Demographical: expanding population matched with scarcity of resources; a general discontent with a social/political situation • Rational: the assumption that both parties hopes for an optimum outcome • Economic: competition and acquisition of resources

8. Types of Warfare • Conventional: war between nation states, engaging in large-scale military resources • Civil: uprising within a country usually involving simplified weapons • Chemical/Biological: weapons with toxic properties are employed (e.g anthrax) • Nuclear/Atomic: weapons of mass destruction are involved (US, UK, Russia, China, France, India, Pakistan) • Psychological:use of propaganda to influence opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behaviour, to garner support in the achieving national objectives

9. “He who joyfully marches to music in rank and file has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would fully suffice. This disgrace to civilization should be done away with at once. Heroism at command, senseless brutality, deplorable love-of-country stance. I hate all this, how despicable and ignoble war is; it is my conviction that killing under the cloak of war is nothing but an act of murder."- Albert Einstein

10. Video 2 Watch these clips and think about these questions: • In what circumstances can war be a ‘necessary evil’? • Are there clear-cut rules of engagement in modern warfare? Rwanda / Munich

11. The difference between traditional wars and terrorism

12. The difference between traditional wars and terrorism

13. Defining Terrorism • Is the dictionary definition enough? Does it satisfy all aspects of terrorism? • Oxford English Dictionary: • Terrorism: A system of terror. • 1. Government by intimidation as directed and carried out by party in power in France during the revolution, 1789 - 1794

14. 2 : Generally: Policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted, the employment of methods of intimidation, the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized. • Not Very USEFUL isn’t it? WHY? WHY? WHY? - Because terrorism is a complex issue and different people and groups have different interpretations of it.

15. US State Department: • premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience US FBI: - unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment therefore, to achieve political or social objectives

16. To know what is Terrorism • We got to know what is a terrorist first!! • Terrorist: As a political term: Anyone who attempts to further his views by a system of coercive intimidation, specifically those who are members of extreme revolutionaries in Russia.

17. Definition of Terrorism Has the definition change or remain fixed?

18. Changing Face of Terrorism • First popularised during French Revolution • Had a positive connotation • Adopted as a means to establish order • Instrument of governance by the state • Not random or indiscriminate, but organised, deliberate and systematic • Goal was the creation of a “new and better society”

19. Changing Face of Terrorism • Affected other parts of Europe as well • Advent of Nationalism • Terrorism evolved into a revolutionary, anti-state entity • On the eve of WWI, terrorism still had its revolutionary connotation • Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Hasburg Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and sparked off WWI

20. Changing Face of Terrorism • Concurrently, terrorism was still evolving in a way • State-sponsored terrorism • Narodna Obrana • By 1930s, terrorism used more to describe the “mass repression employed by totalitarian states and their dictatorial leaders against their own citizens” • Regained its former connotations of abuse of power by governments • Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Stalinist Russia

21. Changing Face of Terrorism • After WWII, it gained the common connotation of revolution and violence • Used in primary reference to the violent revolts of nationalist/anti-colonialist groups • Freedom fighters • Next, in the early 1980s, it became regarded as a “calculated means to destabilise the West” • More “state-sponsored” terrorism • From Iran, Iraq, Libya, etc.

22. Changing Face of Terrorism • Amorphous entity • Changes from perception to perception • Evolves as the world evolves as well • Many different connotations, many different forms • From drug trafficking to suicide bombings

23. Difficulty in defining terrorism • Difficult to keep up with changing roles and meaning of definition. • Those who are ‘terrorist’ REFUSE to admit they are TERRORIST! >.< • Different people have different definitions of terrorism.

24. Refusal to admit that they are Terrorist! • Coined terms like: • FREEDOM FIGHTERS =p • Liberators >.< • URBAN GUERILLAS =) • Reluctant WARRIORS =( • They do it for the sake of their population and homeland, to liberate them from suppression, using JUSTIFIED violence

25. If people call them terrorist due to the use of violence, then what about the HIGH and MIGHTY U.S which bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki? (for a good cause?) • They argue that they are fewer in numbers so have no choice but to resort to dark tactics. • It is a term of MORAL JUDGMENT: • Those who are against them or hate them, call them terrorist • Those whom they fight for call them Liberators

26. Difference in definition • Most definitions come in only for the interest of the group in regard. • Governments would include the political aspect and use of violence to achieve political goals. • Security agencies would define it as a act of violence towards civilians and buildings, infrastructure. • SO WHO IS CORRECT??!!

27. Conclusion • No fixed Definition for Terrorism • Violence and Intimidation is related to the act of terrorism.

28. Concepts often confused with terrorism

29. So what’s the difference? • Bombing of a building • Assassination of a head of state • The massacre of civilians by a military unit • The poisoning of produce on supermarket shelves • The deliberate contamination of medication

30. The answer is such disparate acts have all been described as incidents of terrorism in the media. Which is a terrorist act?

31. Terrorism and Warfare • There is a fundamental qualitative difference between the two types of violence. • In war, there are rules and accepted norms of behavior that prohibits the use of certain types of weapons, proscribe various tactics and outlaw attacks on specific categories of targets.

32. Terrorism and Warfare • However, even the most cursory review of terrorist tactics and targets over the past quarter century reveals that terrorists have broken all the rules. • For example, they have frequently:

33. Terrorism and Warfare • Taken hostage civilians, whom in some instances have then brutally executed. • Similarly abused and murdered kidnapped military officers. • Undertaken reprisals against wholly innocent civilians. • Repeatedly attack embassies and other diplomatic installations.

34. Terrorism and Warfare • International terrorism disdains any concept of delimited areas of combats or demarcated battlefields, much less respect of neutral territory. • That is the difference between terrorism and warfare.

35. THE point. • The terrorist is not pursuing purely egocentric goals- he is not driven by the wish to line his own pockets or satisfy some personal need or grievance. • The terrorist is fundamentally an “altruist”. He believes that he is serving a “good” cause designed to achieve a greater good for a wider constituency- whether real or imagined- which the terrorist and his organization purport to represent.

36. THE point.- maybe not yet • Yet the possession or identification of a cause is not a sufficient criterion for labeling someone a terrorist. • If they do not use violence in their pursuance of their beliefs, they cannot be considered as terrorists.

37. Finally… • The terrorist is fundamentally a violent intellectual who is prepared to use and indeed committed to using force in the attainment of his goals.

38. Exam Questions on War/Terrorism • RJC Prelim 2006 : Do you think the world can learn anything from the fight against global terrorism? • Some possible ways to approach the question: • Defining the key concept words: • World: countries, organisations, citizens, mass media, political groups, government, non-governmental groups, human rights watchdogs, Islamic world. • Learn anything: morally learn/ political lessons/ social lessons, how to solve the problem or improve on their policies. • Fight against global terrorism: fight can be defined as defensive or combative force. Preventive educational measures as well. Financial/ indirect support for non-terrorist related organisations.

39. Possible Approach to Questions • RJC Prelim 2006 : Do you think the world can learn anything from the fight against global terrorism? Possible approach (You can approach from philosophical point of view) • Moralistic point of view • Fight for justice • Putting aside differences

40. Possible Approach to Questions • RJC Prelim 2006 : Do you think the world can learn anything from the fight against global terrorism? Possible approach (Looking at what we can learn from individual events) • Sept 11 incident: Need co-operation from the states affected. • Iraq war in 21st Century: Is combative force always effective? Would killing the so-called ring leader solve the problem or open the Pandora’s Box? • Bali Bomb: Are we making martyrs out of these “terrorists” through public trials and executions? • London Bomb: How can state government balance their sovereignty of taking care of their own yard and yet involve other countries in the fight? • Bhutto assassination: Is democracy the answer to fighting global terrorism? How can the world help to maintain the integrity of election polls without overly intervening in the process?

41. Cambridge Questions • To what extent is continued research into nuclear power justifiable? (1995) • Is it ever right for one country to become involved in the internal affairs of another (1997) • Can the trade in weapons ever be justified? (2002) • ‘The prospect of a Third World War is now unthinkable.’ Do you agree? (2002)

42. List of wars by death toll # 60,000,000–72,000,000 - World War II (1939–1945) # 30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century) # 25,000,000 - Manchu conquest of Ming China (1616–1662) # 20,000,000 - Taiping Rebellion (China, 1851–1864) # 20,000,000 - Second Sino-Japanese War (1931–1945) # 15,000,000–66,000,000 - World War I (1914–1918) # 10,000,000 - Warring States Era (China, 475 BC–221 BC) # 5,000,000–9,000,000 - Russian Civil War (1917–1921) # 3,500,000–6,000,000 - Napoleonic Wars (1804–1815) # 2,500,000–3,500,000 - Korean War (1950–1953) # 2,300,000–3,800,000 - Vietnam War(1945–1975) # 2,000,000–4,000,000[53] - French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) # 1,500,000–2,000,000 - Afghan Civil War (1979 -) # 1,300,000–6,100,000 - Chinese Civil War (1928–1949) # 1,000,000 - Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) # 1,000,000 - Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) List of wars by death toll List of wars by death toll

43. Algeria Insurgency 1992 --> Angola Cabinda 1975 --> Burma Insurgency 1950 --> China Senkaku Islands 1968 --> China Spratly Islands 1988 --> Colombia Insurgencies1970s-> Congo (Zaire) Congo War1998-> Georgia Civil War1991--> India Assam 1985 --> India Kashmir 1970s--> India Naxalite Uprising 1967-> Indonesia Aceh1986 --> Indonesia Kalimantan1983 --> Indonesia Maluku1999 – > Indonesia Papua / West Irian 1963 --> Israel Al-Aqsa Intifada2000 --> Israel Lebanon2006 --> Ivory Coast Civil War 2002 --> Korea Korean War1953 --> Laos Hmong Insurgency 2000 Namibia Caprivi Strip 1966--> Nepal Maoists1996 --> Nigeria Civil Disturbances 1997 –> Pakistan Baluchistan2004 –> Palestine Civil War 2007--> Peru Shining Path1970s--> Philippines Moro Uprising 1970s--> Russia Chechen Uprising 1992 --> Somalia Civil War 1991--> Spain Basque Uprising 1970s-> Sri Lanka Tamil Separatists 1983 --> Sudan Darfur 1983 --> Thailand Islamic Rebels 2001-> Turkey Kurdistan1984 --> Uganda Civil Conflict 1980 --> United States Afghanistan 1980 --> United States Djibouti2001 --> United States Iraq 1990 --> Wars still being fought as we speak…

44. Recent acts of terrorism by the ‘Tamil Tigers’ in Sri Lanka (ST Jan 17 ’08) by suicide bomber in Lahore (BBC news Jan 10 ’08) by mentally-impaired bombers in Bagdad (CNA, Feb ‘08)

45. Causes and consequences • What is the central motivation for war? • What does the party who starts a war hope to achieve? • Why is war an alternative? What other options can a government take? • Is war a means to an end and what justifications are there to engaging in it? • When is it justified / not justified?

46. Our beliefs and perceptions • Is terrorism used as a convenient excuse for governments to remove basic democratic rights? • Who is the real enemy? The terrorist we know or is it someone else? • What is the best way to fight against the war of terror?

47. What's wrong with the world mama?People living like aint got no mamasI think the whole worlds addicted to the dramaOnly attracted to the things that bring you traumaOverseas yeah we tryin to stop terrorismBut we still got terrorists here livinIn the USA the big CIA the Bloodz and the Crips and the KKK But if you only have love for your own raceThen you only leave space to discriminateAnd to discriminate only generates hateAnd if you hatin you're bound to get irateYeah madness is what you demonstrateAnd that's exactly how anger works and operatesYou gotta have love just to set it straightTake control of your mind and meditate Let your soul gravitate to the love y'allPeople killing people dyingChildren hurtin you hear them crying Can you practice what you preachWould you turn the other cheek?Father Father Father help us Send some guidance from above Cause people got me got me questioning Where is the love?

48. It just ain't the same all ways have changedNew days are strange is the world the insane?If love and peace so strongWhy are there pieces of love that don't belongNations dropping bombsChemical gases filling lungs of little onesWith ongoing sufferingAs the youth die youngSo ask yourself is the loving really strong?So I can ask myself really what is going wrongWith this world that we living in People keep on giving inMakin wrong decisions Only visions of them livin andNot respecting each otherDeny thy brotherThe wars going on but the reasons' undercoverThe truth is kept secretSwept under the rugIf you never know truth Then you never know love Where's the love y'all?(I don't know)

49. People killing people dying Children hurtin you hear them cryingCan practice what you preach Would you turn the other cheek?Father father father help us Send some guidance from aboveCause people got me got me questioning Where is the love?(I feel the weight of the world on my shoulderAs I'm getting older y'all people get colderMost of us only care about money makinSelfishness got us followin the wrong directionWrong information always shown by the mediaNegative images is the main criteriaInfecting their young minds faster than bacteriaKids wanna act like what the see in the cinemaWhatever happened to the values of humanityWhatever happened to the fairness and equalityInstead of spreading love, we're spreading animosityLack of understanding, leading us away from unityThat's the reason why sometimes I'm feeling underThat's the reason why sometimes I'm feeling downIt's no wonder why sometimes I'm feeling underI gotta keep my faith alive, until love is found

50. People killing people dying Children hurtin you hear them cryingCan you practice what you preach Would you turn the other cheek?Father Father Father help us Send some guidance from aboveCause people got me got me questioning Where is the love? • Black Eyed Peas • Do you think this song resonates your opinion of war?