BAT and BEP for Dioxins & Furans Barbados Country Presentation

1. BAT and BEP for Dioxins & FuransBarbados Country Presentation by Thérèse N. Yarde Environmental Protection Department Ministry of Housing, Lands and the Environment Barbados

2. Barbados • Most easterly Caribbean island • Area: 166 sq. miles, 431 sq. km • Population: ~280,000 • Tropical climate • Main industry: tourism • Main agricultural product: sugar cane • No air quality control/emission standards

3. Convention Implementation • Ratified June 2004 • UNEP/GEF Pilot Project for the development of National Implementation Plans for the Stockholm Convention • Environmental Protection Department (EPD) is focal point for the Convention and implementing agency for the Project

4. Project Progress • National Profile completed • Inventories completed • Pesticides • PCBs • Dioxins and furans • Impact Appraisal completed • Identifies impacts of implementing the Convention nationally • Assesses Convention requirements and recommends/prioritizes necessary regulatory, legal, technical and administrative interventions to meet the requirements • NIP being prepared

5. Dioxins and Furans Inventory • Total releases • 49.0 g TEQ • Emissions to air • 44.6 g TEQ • Main source categories • Waste incineration (87%) • Uncontrolled combustion processes (10%)

6. Source Categories • Waste Incineration • Municipal solid waste incineration • Medical waste incineration • Combustion of animal carcasses • Metal production • Thermal wire reclamation

7. Source Categories • Power Generation and Heating • Fossil fuel power plants • Biomass power plants • Household cooking (biomass) • Household cooking (fossil fuels) • Production of Mineral Products • Cement production • Lime production • Brick production • Ceramics production • Asphalt mixing

8. Source Categories • Transport • 4-stroke engines • 2-stroke engines • Diesel engines • Heavy fuel oil engines • Uncontrolled Combustion • Biomass burning • Waste burning and accidental fires

9. Source Categories • Miscellaneous • Crematoria • Dry Cleaning • Tobacco smoking • Disposal/Landfill • Landfill and waste dumps • Sewage/sewage treatment • Composting • Waste oil disposal (non-thermal)

10. BAT/BEP Status by Category • Waste Incineration • Generally low technology (classes 1 or 2) • Most operators untrained • No proper disposal of residues • Opportunities for waste minimization • Thermal Wire Recovery • Done in open air, directly on the ground • Should be prohibited

11. BAT/BEP Status by Category • Power Generation & Heating • Use light fuel oil, natural gas, heavy fuel oils, biomass (bagasse) • Use of bagasse for power generation is important to sugar industry, and may be expanded (fuel cane) • Fossil fuel quality has not been investigated • Combustion technology and process efficiency for biomass combustion could probably be improved • Reduce use of painted/treated wood for outdoor cooking

12. BAT/BEP Status by Category • Mineral Production • Cement kiln does not fire hazardous waste • Transport • Fuels used are diesel and unleaded gasoline • No information on use of catalytic converters and diesel particular filters • Fuel consumption information not generally available

13. BAT/BEP Status by Category • Uncontrolled Burning • Waste burning is a common practice • Prohibitions and/or public awareness needed

14. Objectives • To upgrade and improve the operation and management of incinerators • To improve emissions control in industrial facilities • To control spontaneous burning at the landfill • To regulate vehicular emissions • To eliminate household burning as a waste disposal method

15. Challenges • Economic considerations with respect to: • Retrofitting incinerators with emissions control • Installing new incinerators • Technical capacity • Operations and maintenance of incinerators • Regulatory Control • Controlling types of waste incinerated • Monitoring for compliance with emissions standards • Administrative Issues • Lack of data • Absence of record-keeping