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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia. Topic Discussion By Alexandria Brown. Overview. What is Schizophrenia? Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosing Schizophrenia Treatment Options Treatment Guidelines Monitoring Schizophrenia Complications of Schizophrenia. What Is SCHITZOPHRENIA?.

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Schizophrenia

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  1. Schizophrenia Topic Discussion By Alexandria Brown

  2. Overview • What is Schizophrenia? • Etiology • Pathophysiology • Clinical Presentation • Diagnosing Schizophrenia • Treatment Options • Treatment Guidelines • Monitoring Schizophrenia • Complications of Schizophrenia

  3. What Is SCHITZOPHRENIA? • Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is a spectrum of symptoms and traits. • Defined by Abnormalities concerning at least 2 of the following1: • Hallucinations1,3 • Delusions1,3 • Disorganized Thought Processes or Speech1,3 • Disorganized or Abnormal Motor/Movement Behaviors1,3 • Negative Symptoms1,3

  4. Schizophrenia is Complicated • Commonly called a psychotic disorder that has multiple names and subcategories and spectrums • Spectrums1,2 • Schizotypal (personality) Disorder • Schizoaffective Disorder • Schizophreniform Disorder • Subtypes of Delusion1,2,3 • Paranoid/Persecutory • Somatic • Erotomaniac/ Jealous • Grandiose • Mixed • Residual

  5. ETIOLOGY • The etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood currently • Researchers have concluded that there are some significant Risk Factors: • Genetic Component1,5 • Increased heritable risk for off-springs • Environmental Component • Season of Birth1,4 • Traumatic Events1,4 • Obstetrical Complications1,2,5,3

  6. Pathophysiology • Theorized but not fully known • Theories include: • GABA4,5 • Dopamine4,5 • Glutamate receptors reduced activity4,5

  7. Clinical Presentation • Depends on the type of Schizophrenia and the Individual • Presents itself as: • Hearing Voices or Visual Hallucinations1,5 • Delusions1,5 • Social Withdrawal1,5 • Anxiety, Depression, OCD1,5 • Lack of Awareness of Disease1,5 • Substance Abuse5 • Cognitive Symptoms5 • Disorganized speech5

  8. Diagnosis • Often times it can go undiagnosed which usually leads to negative consequences • Diagnosed through mental health services usually through psychiatry • Follow Guidelines using the DSM-51 • Diagnoses subtype and deciphers between spectrums of schizophrenia1 • Determines if meets at least 2 of the criteria of abnormalities1

  9. https://dsm-psychiatryonline-org.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/doi/full/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm02https://dsm-psychiatryonline-org.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/doi/full/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm02

  10. Treatment Options • Depends on the Phase of Treatment6 • Acute Phase • Stabilization Phase • Stable Phase • Non-Pharmacological5,6 • Psychotherapy • Counseling • Group Sessions • Behavioral Health • Skills and Employment Services • ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) • Pharmacological5,6 • Long-Acting Injectable Anti-Psychotic Agents • Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia • Antipsychotics • Augmentation and Combination Therapy

  11. Treatment Guideline

  12. Monitoring Schizophrenia • Monitor7: • Lipid Levels • Weight Gain • Metabolism • Cardiovascular Health • Symptoms and Side Effects6,7 • Suicide1 • Psychotic Episodes6,7

  13. Complications induced from Schizophrenia • Obesity1,3,4 • Drug Abuse1,3,4 • Smoking/ Tobacco Use1,3,4 • Anxiety Disorders1,3,4 • Diabetes1,3,4 • Metabolic Disorders1,3,4 • Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases1,3,4 • Decreased Life Expectancy1,3,4

  14. Sources • Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm02 • Cagliostro D. 5 Schizophrenia Subtypes. PsyCom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986. https://www.psycom.net/schizophrenia-5-subtypes. Accessed November 30, 2018. • The National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. NIMH. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml. Accessed November 30, 2018. • Fischer B, Buchanan R. Schizophrenia in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis - UpToDate. UpToDate. https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/contents/schizophrenia-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis?search=schizophrenia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H31673369. Accessed November 30, 2018. • Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645. • Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al. Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. 2010;(Second Edition):184. • Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178/chapter/1-Recommendations#care-across-all-phases. Accessed December 7, 2018.

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