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1517-1648 A CENTURY OF CRISIS

RELIGIOUS WARS. 1517-1648 A CENTURY OF CRISIS. OBJECTIVES . What were the causes and consequences of the religious wars in France, Netherlands, Germany How did religious wars effect politics and economics?

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1517-1648 A CENTURY OF CRISIS

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  1. RELIGIOUS WARS 1517-1648 A CENTURY OF CRISIS

  2. OBJECTIVES • What were the causes and consequences of the religious wars in France, Netherlands, Germany • How did religious wars effect politics and economics? • How did the religious crises of this period affect religious faith, literary and artistic developments, and the status of women

  3. THEMES • Balance of Power • Modern Nation State • Politiques • Motivations for War?

  4. Protestants in Europelate 16th century

  5. CAUSES • Religious differences – Catholic, Protestant, Muslim • Civil as well as international conflict • Was it all about religion??? • What were the other causes??? • Religious conflict threatened STATE POWER (1560-1618) • POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC

  6. DYNASTIC WARS • Habsburgs (HRE/SPAIN) vs. Valois (FRANCE) • Charles V (r. 1519-1556) – King of Spain (Charles I r. 1519-1556), King of Italy, HRE • Charles V captured Rome in 1527 – Pope allied with FRANCE • Ottoman Turks saw the fighting as a way to expand territory

  7. THE HABSBURGS • Oldest and most prominent dynasty • 15th – 20th century • German King – Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf I (1273) • Two – houses – Austria – Spain • Last Spanish Habsburg Charles II (1700) • Austria – Dual Monarch 1867 Austria-Hungary • Final Break up – WWI • “Let others wage war; thou, happy Austria, marry." - Maximilian I (1459-1519)

  8. CHARLES V • 1556 abdicated the Spanish and HRE throne • Philip II – King of Spain (r. 1556-1598) son • Ferdinand I – HRE (1556-1564) brother

  9. CHARLES V EMPIRE

  10. FERDINAND I (1558-1564) PHILIP II (1556-1598)

  11. PHILIP II • (r.1556-1598) • 42 year reign • King of Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Milan, Sicily • 1554 – Married Mary I • El Escorial – 1584 • Christian coalition – Battle of Lepanto (1571) defeat of the Turks off the coast of Greece

  12. EL ESCORIAL • Resembles a gridiron • Saint Lawrence (d. 258) roasted alive • Kings bedroom – sliding window that opened directly to the high alter • Watch services and pray with the monks

  13. CHARLES II (1661-1700)LAST SPANISH HABSBURG

  14. RELIGIOUS WARS • Spanish Naval War against England – Philip II Spain – Elizabeth I – England • Philip II – dethrone Elizabeth (Protestant) and restore Catholicism, safeguard Spanish merchant ships to New World

  15. ELIZABETH I • Defeat of the Spanish Armada – May 9, 1588 • One of the most decisive battles in history • Spain’s role in international affairs declines • New balance of power – France would replace Spain as the main superpower • Dutch, England – strong naval and economic powers

  16. ELIZABETH I • 1533-1603 (r. 1558) • Daughter Henry VIII – Anne Boleyn • Raised a Protestant • Elizabethan Settlement – Church uniformity = Power • Politique • Avoided civil/religious wars

  17. ELIZABETH I • Thirty Nine Articles – Church of England, Anglican (latin Ecclesia Anglicana) • Moved England to moderate Protestantism • Services conducted in English • Did not re-established Monasteries • Clergymen allowed to marry • Bishops remained church officials

  18. RELIGIOUS WARS • RELIGIOUS WARS in SPAIN • Spanish Netherlands • 17 semi-independent provinces • Influx of religious refugees • Rebellion, unrest = 80 years war (1568-1648) • 1566 “Council of Blood”

  19. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC • “Netherlands” – “low lands” • 22 feet below sea level – lowest point • 1556 – Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of northern France = Philip II (Habsburg) • William I, (1533-1584) Prince of Orange - revolt - Independence • 1579 – Union of the Utrecht – seven northern provinces

  20. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC • Northern Provinces – Calvinism (Holland) • Southern Provinces – Catholic (Flanders) • Spain = power aristocracy • Dutch = power upper middle class • Competition for trade, industry, mercantile exchange, power, religion • 80 Years’ War (1568-1648)

  21. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC • Formal Independence – 1648 (Treaty of Westphalia ) • Decentralized, Constitutional State • Estates General– national legislative body • Stadholder– “city holder”- highest military leader, head of state, appointed representative in each province • Prince of Orange – President not King • Government controlled by wealthy merchants • Amsterdam –Europe’s first financial capital

  22. THE DUTCH FEDERATION REGENTS - provincial level - held virtually all the power - strong advocates of local independence STADHOLDER - States General representative from each province - responsible for defense and order STATES GENERAL - federal assembly - foreign affairs (war) - all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

  23. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC • First to sell to Art to the masses • Merchants, artisans, shopkeepers • NOT kings, nobles, and the church • Literacy – reading public • Religiously tolerant • Commerce – highest standard of living in Europe • Golden Age – 17th century

  24. INTERNATIONAL RIVALRIES • Anglo-Dutch Wars • 1652-1654 • 1665-1667 • 1672-1674 • Drained state revenue • Imitation of French style • Mercantile Elite

  25. WILLIAM & MARY • 1689 • William III (r. 1689-1702) – Prince of Orange, Stadholder • Mary II (r. 1689-1694)- daughter of James II

  26. DECLINE OF THE DUTCH • Exhaustion war with England and France • Stadholders power limited by jealousy and greed of mercantile ruling elite • London replaced Amsterdam as European economic center • British outstrip naval technology and trade competition • Weak leaders after William III (1650-1702) • Strong regional identities, religious division

  27. DUTCH ART • REMBRANDT(1606-1669) • The Night Watch (1642) • Civic guard, voluntary militia • Dynamic, drama fueled • Light – Dark composition • Soldiers in Action • Daily Life

  28. BATTLE OF VIENNA 1563 Suleiman (1502-1566)

  29. RELIGIOUS WARS RELIGIOUS WARS in FRANCE (1562-98) Civil/Religious Wars Competition b/w Guise, Valois, Bourbon House of Valois (1328-1589) House of Bourbon (1589-1789)

  30. KING HENRY & HIS HEIRS • “The feebleness of the French monarchy was the seed from which the weeds of civil violence sprang” –McKay • Henry II (1547-1559) last powerful Valois– wife Catherine de Medici • Three Weak Sons – • Francis II (r. 1559-60) • Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) • Henry III (r. 1574-1589)

  31. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE • 1572 • Catherine de Medici (Valois) • Daughter of Lorenzo de Medici (1492-1519) • Well-schooled in Machiavellian politics • Ruled from behind the scenes – son Charles IX – king – 10 years old (1560) • Huguenots – threat to power

  32. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE • August 24, 1572 (Feast of St. Bartholomew) • Admiral Gaspard de Coligny – royal council advisor to the King (leader of the Hugenots) • Unite Catholics and Protestants – marriage • Margaret Valois (Catholic) – Henry of Navarre (Protestant) • Catherine alarmed by Coligny’s influence hired an assassin to kill him (Aug. 22)

  33. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE • Admiral only wounded • Charles IX – full investigation • Catherine confessed to Charles IX • ALL HUGUENOTS MUST DIE • worst religious massacre of the century • Henry of Navarre escaped – eventually Henry IV – first Bourbon to rule France • Charles IX – died two years later (1574)

  34. WAR OF THE THREE HENRY’S • 1584-1588 • Henry III – Valois • Henry of Navarre – Bourbon (Huguenot) • Henry of Guise (Catholic) Henry of Guise & Henry III assassinated

  35. RELIGIOUS WARS • RELIGIOUS WARS in GERMANY • 30 Years’ War (1618-1648) • Roots: Protestants vs. Catholics, Fear of Hapsburg Spain/Austria, ethnic competition • Tangled religious and political conflicts • Germany – battleground

  36. 30 YEARS’ WAR • 1618-1648 • Final and Most deadly religious war • 1555 – Peace of Augsburg • Lutheran or Catholic – Not Calvinism • Tension mounting • 1608- Protestant Union – Lutheran Princes • 1609-Catholic League – Catholic Princes • 1618 – Bohemian Protestants rebelled against Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs • Spain, Poland, German Catholics, Pope vs. • Denmark, England, Dutch, Sweden, and eventually France

  37. 30 YEARS’ WAR • The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) • The Danish Phase (1625-1629) • The Swedish Phase (1630-1634) • The French Phase or International Phase (1635-1648)

  38. 30 YEARS’ WAR • Political weakness, ethnic competition, and religious conflict • HRE – 8 major ethnic groups • Seven Electors – 4 Catholic – 3 Protestant • Defenestration of Prague (1618) – two Catholic deputies hurled out the window by Protestants - spark • Involve almost every major power in Europe

  39. 30 YEARS’ WAR • BOHEMAIN PHASE • Bohemia (1618) • Austrian Habsburg Catholic • Czech Nationalists – Calvinists more freedom • Battle of White Mountain (1620) • Result – Catholic, Hapsburg VICTORY • Bohemia Catholic (1635)

  40. 30 YEARS’ WAR • THE DANISH PHASE • King Christian IV (r. 1596-1648) of Denmark • Protestant • Denmark Protestant invaders defeated • HRE – Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637) • Catholics led by Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634) • Result – Catholic, Hapsburg Victory

  41. 30 YEARS’ WAR • SWEDISH PHASE • Sweden – King GustavusAdolphus (r. 1611-1632) • Devout Lutheran • Motivation? • France – Richelieu - $$$$ to Sweden to support the cause • Why would a Catholic France support Protestant Sweden?????

  42. 30 YEARS’ WAR • INTERNATIONAL PHASE (1635-1648) • Reducing the power and authority of the Habsburg family primary objective • Most destructive event in German history before the 19th century • 1/3 population killed, approximately 8 Million, commerce and agriculture destroyed

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