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WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648

WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648. Change in the nature of war. * The Catholic Crusade Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis (1559) -- Ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars B. Phillip II (1556-98) Increased Spanish Habsburg power 2. Opposed the spread of Protestantism.

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WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648

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  1. WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648 • Change in the nature of war. * The Catholic Crusade • Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis (1559) -- Ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars B. Phillip II (1556-98) • Increased Spanish Habsburg power 2. Opposed the spread of Protestantism

  2. 3. Battle of Lepanto, 1571

  3. II. Civil War in France • Francis I (1515-47) – Concordat of Bologna (1516) • Calvinism in France: Huguenots • Nobility • Catherine de’ Medici • Nine civil wars between 1562-1589

  4. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 • War of the Three Henry’s

  5. F. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (1589-1610) -- Bourbon • Politique – “Paris is worth a Mass” • Edict of Nantes, 1598

  6. III. Revolt in the Netherlands • Netherlands as a major financial center (Antwerp; Amsterdam) 1. Trade 2. Decentralized political organization -- Stadtholders 3. Burghers (middle class)* 4. Religious toleration of Calvinists

  7. Vermeer: View of Delftc. 1660

  8. Rembrandt Masters of the Cloth Guild

  9. The Old Stock Exchange in Amsterdam was a center of mercantile activity and religious and intellectual interactions

  10. Civil War in Netherlands: 1568-1578 1. King Philip II tries to impose control a. Duke of Alva – “Council of Blood” b. Alexander Farnese – siege of cities 2. William of Orange (1533-1584) 3. 17 Protestant provinces vs. Spain. a. United Provinces of the Netherlands b. Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)

  11. B. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1. Assisted Protestant Netherlands: a. wool industry b. death of William the Silent c. defeat of Antwerp d. fear of Spanish invasion

  12. C. Spanish Armada, 1588 1. Defeated by England 2. End of Philip’s goal – Christian Crusade

  13. V. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Causes • Failure of Peace of Augsburg a. terms violated by both sides 2. Two armed factions emerge a. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League • First continent-wide war in modern history.

  14. Holy Roman Empire 1618

  15. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) a. Ferdinand of Styria 1) Battle of White Mountain • “Defenestration of Prague”

  16. 2. Danish Phase (1625-29) • Catholic invasion of North Germany b. Albert of Wallenstein 1) Edict of Restitution • Swedish Phase (1629-35) • GustavusAdolphus (1611-32) 1) Battle of Breitenfeld, 1630

  17. Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 17 September 1631Albert Cuyp

  18. French Phase (1635-1648) “International Phase” • French foreign policy 1) anti-Habsburg (Habsburg Fence) • Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

  19. Cardinal Richelieuc. 1637OiI on canvas, 260 x 178 cmNational Gallery, London

  20. Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Principles of Peace of Augsburg reasserted (with Calvinism now included). • Provisions: • Edict of Restitution revoked. • Independence of United Provinces from Spain confirmed • Swiss Confederacy recognized

  21. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) gained territory and international stature. • Pope denied participation in German religious affairs. • Individual states (over 300) gained independence from Holy Roman Empire. • significance:

  22. Europe in 1648

  23. Results and aftermath • Germany devastated* • Future wars no longer primarily religious. 1) Modern age of sovereign states. 2) Balance of power politics. • Catholic crusade failed. • Nobles dominated the war

  24. Population Loss in Germany during the 30 Years’ War

  25. e. Two Habsburg branches weakened. 1) Spanish decline 2) Austrian Habsburgs lost influence over Germany.

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