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Protestant Reformation 1517

Protestant Reformation 1517. Renaissance's effect. People began to question their lives and authority. Catholic Church had been biggest authority of the Middle Ages . Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome.

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Protestant Reformation 1517

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  1. Protestant Reformation 1517

  2. Renaissance's effect • People began to question their lives and authority

  3. Catholic Church had been biggest authority of the Middle Ages.

  4. Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome • Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s opposition to usury (charging interest) • German & Eng. Nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church • Church’s great political power & wealth caused conflict • Corruption & sale of indulgences

  5. Church Dissenters prior to Martin Luther • John Wycliffe – English philosopher • 1320 -1384 • Led movement of opposition to medieval Church • Forerunner of the Reformation • Jan Huss – Czech priest • 1369-1415 • Church reformer • Tried & burned for heresy

  6. Martin Luther nails “95 Theses” to church door in Wittenberg, Germany - 1517

  7. Martin Luther- 1517 • German monk • Questioned Churches practices such as: • Sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel building a church • “ selling forgiveness for sins” • Automatic trip to heaven "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs."

  8. The Lutheran Tradition • Views: • Salvation by faith alone • Bible = ultimate authority • Bible should be in vernacular • Priests; no special powers • All humans = before God

  9. The Lutheran Tradition • Actions: • 95 Theses • 95 things church is doing wrong • Nailed to church door in Wittenburg, Germany • Birth of Protestant Church

  10. Role of Printing Press • Growth of literacy stimulated by Gutenberg printing press • Bible printed in Eng., Fr., & Ger. • Spread ideas of Ref. and Ren.

  11. Church’s Reaction • Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he said @ Diet of Worms • Diet – group/assembly • Worms is a place in Germany

  12. Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!!Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen.") He is excommunicated from church and forced into hiding for the rest of his life

  13. Results of Luther’s actions? • - Opened people’s eyes to corruption of the church • new churches created based on own beliefs– ex John Calvin-- Calvinism • Ex. Protestant, Lutheran, Baptists, Puritans, Methodists, Calvinists, and so on.

  14. The Calvinist tradition • Views: • Predestination - God has already decided who is saved/condemned. • Faith revealed by living a righteous life • Work ethic

  15. The Calvinist tradition • Actions: • Expansion of the Protestant movement • Spreads to France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland • Scottish Presbyterians, American Baptists, Puritans, from this branch.

  16. Henry VIII of England • Wished to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn • Pope refused to grant it • Henry dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome • declares himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church

  17. Act of Supremacy- 1534 • The King is head of the church in England, not the Pope!! • Actions: • Divorced • Broke w/Rome • Took lands & wealth of Roman Catholic Church in England

  18. Mary I of England - 1553-58 • Daughter of Henry and 1st wife Catherine of Aragon • Catholic Queen • Actions: • Restored Roman Catholicism, briefly • Persecuted, burned dissenters • Mary’s successor, Elizabeth, returned England to Protestantism

  19. Queen Elizabeth I – 1558-1603 • Established English Protestant or Anglican Church • Tolerance for dissenters • Expansion & colonialism • Victory over Spanish Armada (1588) • Catholic Spain attacking Protestant England

  20. Reformation in Germany • Northern Germany princes – convert to Protestantism • End authority of Pope in their states • Austrian Hapsburg family & authority of Holy Roman Empire continue to support RCC • Conflicts between Protestants & Catholics ex. Thirty Years War

  21. Reformation in France • Catholic monarchy grants Huguenots (French Protestants) religious freedom • Edict of Nantes • Later revoked

  22. Reformation in FranceIncreased centralized power • Cardinal Richelieu • French “Prime Minister” • Changed focus of 30 Years War from religious to political. • Sought to centralize French political power • Oppose Hapsburg/Spanish aggression/influence • Returned restrictions on Huguenots • Reduced taxation on nobility • Peasants oppressed

  23. The COUNTER-Reformation Or, The Catholic Church Strikes Back!!

  24. 1545 Council of Trent • Determined what was heresy (against church teachings) • Reaffirmed most church doctrine & practices • Launched the Inquisition, and the Jesuits

  25. The Society of Jesus - Jesuits • Founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world • Stop spread of Protestantism

  26. The Inquisition • Catholic Church’s prosecution of “heretics” • Thousands killed/imprisoned Galileo – heliocentric theory doesn’t work for Catholic Church

  27. The Inquisition

  28. Changing Cultural Values, Traditions & Philosophies of the time • Growth of: • Secularism • Individualism • Religious tolerance

  29. IN SHORT,THE REFORMATIONENDED CHURCH UNITY IN WESTERN EUROPE

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