CDA 3101 Summer 2007 Introduction to Computer Organization

1. CDA 3101 Summer 2007Introduction to Computer Organization Processor Organization Datapath Design 21 June 2007

2. Review • Construction of the ALU • Building blocks (digital design gates) • Modular design • Multiplexor chooses operation • All operations are performed in parallel • Carry lookahead adder • Computer arithmetic • Finite precision • Laws of algebra do not always hold • Integers: two’s complement representation • Floating point: IEEE 754 standard

3. Overview • Computer organization (microarchitecture) • Processor organization • Datapath • Control • Register file • Processor implementation overview • Clocking methodologies • Sequential circuits • Latches • Registers

4. Processor Performance CPU time =IC* CPI *Cycle time Program Compiler ISA Microarchitecture Hardware

5. Computer Organization Address Bus Memory Subsystem Data Bus Processor Control Bus I/O device I/O device . . . I/O Subsystem

6. The Processor • Processor (CPU) • Active part of the computer • Does all the work • Data manipulation • Decision-making • Datapath • Hardware that perform all required operations • ALU + registers + internal buses • The brawn • Control • Hardware which tells the datapath what needs to be done • The brain

7. Processor Organization Address bus Data bus Control bus signals Control signals Control Unit Data values Registers Control signals Data values (operands) ALU Data values (results)

8. Implementation of MIPS • ISA determines many aspects of implementation • Implementation strategies affect clock rate and CPI • MIPS subset to illustrate implementation • Memory-reference instructions • Load word (lw) • Save word (sw) • Integer arithmetic and logical instructions • add, sub, and, or, and slt • Branch instructions • Branch if equal (beq) • Jump (j)

9. Implementation Overview Data Instruction memory rd Data memory rs Address Registers PC ALU Address rt Instruction +4 Data imm Opcode, funct Controller • Datapath is based on register transfers required to execute instructions • Control causes the right transfers to happen

10. Logic and Clocking • Combinational elements • Outputs depend only on current inputs • Example: ALU (adders, multiplexers, shifters) • Sequential elements • Contain state • Output depend on input and state • Inputs: data values and clock • Memory, registers • Asserted signal: logically high

11. Clocking Methodology • Determines the order of (gate) events • Defines when signals can be read/written • Clock: circuit that emits a series of pulses clock cycle time Timing diagrams clock Asymmetric clock C (C1 AND C2) Rising edge Falling edge

12. Edge-Triggered Clocking • Either the rising edge or the falling edge is active • State changes only on the active clock edge State element 1 State element 2 Combinational logic clock State element Combinational logic

13. NOR SR Latch State 0 State 1 S - set Inputs Outputs: Q and Q R - reset

14. Clocked SR Latch

15. Clocked D Latch D C Q Output is initially deasserted

16. D flip-flop D D Q D Q Q D latch D latch Q C C Q C Setup time D hold time C Q Falling-edge trigger, output is initially deasserted

17. Register File Read ports Write port

18. Register File Read Ports

19. Register File Write Ports

20. Conclusions • Datapath performs work of computation • Building blocks for datapath • ALU: Performs work of computation • Register File: Data I/O from registers • Register file implemented with D flipflops, multiplexers, and decoder • Clocked (synchronous) logic circuits • Write-enabled data transfer into registers • No need to protect data transfer from registers

21. Anticipate the Mid-Semester Break!!

22. New Topic –Datapath Design • Datapath implements fetch-decode-execute • Design Methodology • Determine instruction classes and formats • Build datapath sections for each instr.fmt. • Compose sections to yield MIPS datapath • Challenge #1: What are instruction classes? • Challenge #2: What components are useful?

23. Simple Datapath Components PC Read Addr Instruction Instruction Memory • Memory stores the instruction • PC address of current instruction • ALU executes current instruction Increment program counter + 4 fetch

24. R-format Datapath ALU op Register File 3 Read Reg 1 Read Reg 2 Write Register Write Data Read Data 1 Read Data 2 Instruction ALU Register Write • Format:opcode r1, r2, r3 Zero Result

25. Load/Store Datapath Issues • lw $t1, offset($t2) • Memory at base $t2 with offset • lw: Read memory, write into register $t1 • sw: Read from register $t, write to memory • Address computation – ISA says: • Sign-extend 16-bit offset to 32-bit signed value • Hardware: Data memory for read/write

26. Load/Store Datapath Components 16 32 Sign Extend MemWrite Address Read data Write data Data Memory 1101 … 0011  1111 1111 1111 11111101 … 0011 MemRead

27. Load/Store Datapath Actions • Register AccessRegister File • --Instruction/Data/Address Fetch • Memory Address CalculationALU • -- Address Decode • Read/Write from MemoryData Memory • Write into Register FileRegister File • -- Load/Store Instruction Execute

28. Load/Store Datapath Fetch DecodeExecute

29. Branch Datapath Issues • beq $t1, $t2, offset • Two registers ($t1, $t2) compared for equality • 16-bit offset to compute branch target address • Branch target address – ISA says: • Add sign-extended offset to PC • Base address is instruction after branch (PC+4) • Shift offset left 2 bits => word offset • Jump to target • Replace lower 26 bits of PC with lower 26 bits of instruction shifted left 2 bits

30. Branch Datapath Actions • Register AccessRegister File • --Instruction/Data Fetch • Evaluate Branch ConditionALU #1 • Calculate Branch TargetALU #2 • --Branch Computation – similar to Decode • Jump to Branch TargetControl Logic • -- Branch Instruction Execute

31. Branch Datapath Fetch DecodeExecute

32. Delayed Branch (MIPS) • MIPS ISA: Branches always delayed • Instr. Ib following branch is always executed • condition = false => Normal branch • condition = true => Ib executed • Why bother? • Improves efficiency of pipelining • Branch not taken (false condition) can be common case

33. Conclusions • MIPS ISA: Three instruction formats (R,I,J) • Datapath designed for each instruction format • Datapath Components: • -- R-format:ALU, Register File • -- I-format:Sign Extender, Data Memory • -- J-format:ALU #2 for target address comp’n. • Trick: Delayed branch to make pipeline efficient • Have a safe Break Week! 