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CHAPTER 28

CHAPTER 28. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CNS. NORMAL PATHOLOGY. NORMAL. NEURONS (1%) GLIA (99%) ASTROCYTES OLIGODENDROCYTES EPENDYMAL CELLS MICROGLIA. Cellular Pathology Edema, CSF Pressure, Hydrocephalus Malformations Perinatal Trauma Vascular Infections. Prion Diseases

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CHAPTER 28

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  1. CHAPTER 28 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  2. CNS • NORMAL • PATHOLOGY

  3. NORMAL • NEURONS (1%) • GLIA (99%) • ASTROCYTES • OLIGODENDROCYTES • EPENDYMAL CELLS • MICROGLIA

  4. Cellular Pathology Edema, CSF Pressure, Hydrocephalus Malformations Perinatal Trauma Vascular Infections Prion Diseases Demyelinating Diseases Degenerative Genetic Metabolic Acquired Metabolic Tumors PATHOLOGY

  5. CELLULAR PATHOLOGY • REACTIONS OF NEURONS • REACTIONS OF ASTROCYTES

  6. EDEMA/PRESSURE/CSF • CEREBRAL EDEMA • RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND HERNIATION • HYDROCEPHALUS

  7. CEREBRAL EDEMA

  8. ↑↑↑ CSF PRESSURE ↑ ↑ ↑

  9. HYDROCEPHALUS

  10. MALFORMATIONS • NEURAL TUBE • FOREBRAIN • POSTERIOR FOSSA • SYRINGOMYELIA/HYDROMYELIA

  11. NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

  12. FOREBRAIN ANOMALIES

  13. POSTERIOR FOSSAANOMALIES

  14. SYRINGOMYELIA/HYDROMYELIA

  15. PERINATAL BRAIN INJURY

  16. TRAUMA • SKULL FRACTURES • PARENCHYMAL INJURIES • TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURIES • SEQUELAE • SPINAL CORD

  17. SKULL FRACTURES

  18. PARENCHYMAL • CONCUSSION • DIRECT PARENCHYMAL INJURY • DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY

  19. TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURY • EPIDURAL HEMATOMA • SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

  20. EPIDURAL HEMATOMA

  21. SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

  22. SEQUELAE OFBRAIN TRAUMA

  23. SPINAL CORD TRAUMA

  24. CEREBROVASCULAR • HYPOTENSION, HYPOPERFUSION, LOW FLOW, INFARCTION • INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE • HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE

  25. HYPOXIA, ISCHEMIA, INFARCTION • LOW FLOW STATES (ISCHEMIA) • INFARCTION

  26. INTRACRANIALHEMORRHAGE • INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE • SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE • ANEURYSMS • VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

  27. INTRACEREBRALHEMORRHAGE

  28. SUBARACHNOIDHEMORRHAGE

  29. ANEURYSMS

  30. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

  31. HYPERTENSIVECEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE • LACUNAR INFARCTS • SLIT HEMORRHAGES • HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY

  32. “LACUNAR” INFARCTS

  33. “SLIT” HEMORRHAGES

  34. HYPERTENSIVEENCEPHALOPATHY

  35. INFECTIONS • ACUTE MENINGITIS • ACUTE SUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS, FOCAL • CHRONIC BACTERIAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • FUNGAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • OTHER INFECTIONS

  36. ACUTE MENINGITIS • BACTERIAL • VIRAL

  37. ACUTE FOCALSUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS • BRAIN ABSCESS • SUBDURAL EMPYEMA • EXTRADURAL ABSCESS

  38. BRAIN ABSCESS

  39. SUBDURAL EMPYEMA

  40. EXTRADURAL ABSCESS

  41. CHRONIC BACTERIALMENINGOENCEPHALITIS • TUBERCULOSIS • NEUROSYPHILIS • NEUROBORRELIOSIS (LYME DISEASE)

  42. TUBERCULOSIS

  43. NEUROSYPHILIS

  44. LYME DISEASE

  45. ARTHROPOD-BORNE HSV-1, HSV-2 V-Z (HERPES ZOSTER) CMV (CYTO-MEGALO VIRUS) POLIOMYELITIS RABIES HIV PML (PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCALLEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY) SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS VIRALMENINGOENCEPHALITIS

  46. ARTHROPOD-BORNE

  47. HSVHERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS • HSV-1 • HSV-2

  48. V-Z (HERPES ZOSTER)

  49. CMV(CYTO-MEGALO VIRUS)

  50. POLIOMYELITIS

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