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ESA definition of

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ESA definition of

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    1. ESA definition of “species” 1978 and currently: ‘The term “species” includes any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature.’

    3. ESU & DPS Evolutionarily significant unit Distinct population segment

    4. AAZPA, Philadelphia, 1985 Dissatisfaction with subspecies as representative of “significant adaptive variation.” ESUs the appropriate conservation unit for zoos to address. Identification of ESUs could use natural history, morphometric, range & distribution, and genetic data

    5. Summary of AAZPA meeting: Ryder, O. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1(1):9-10.

    6. Agency meeting to define DPS Washington DC, June 1990 Biologists from FWS and NMFS ESU approach proposed by Waples and Dizon of NMFS Reasonable for Pacific salmon More difficult to apply to other animals in less discrete habitats and lacking genetic data

    7. NMFS 1991 DPS policy Waples. Definition of “Species” under the Endangered Species Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-194: Application to Pacific Salmon. Limited to Pacific salmon. Population or group of populations considered distinct (=species) if it represents an ESU.

    8. A population is an ESU if Is reproductively isolated from other conspecific population units; and. 2. It represents an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the species. Criteria are applied sequentially.

    9. Moritz 1994 TREE 9(10):373 ESUs should: be reciprocally monophyletic for mtDNA; and: show significant divergence of allele frequencies at nuclear loci.

    10. Moritz: “management units” Do not show reciprocal monophyly, but show significant genetic divergence (mitochondrial and nuclear) Gene flow is low enough that they are functionally (genetically and ecologically) independent

    11. Moritz: ESU v. MU ESUs significant for long-term management MUs important for short-term management MUs correspond to fisheries “stocks” DPS not addressed

    12. DPS policy 1990-1996 Joint FWS/NMFS policy published Feb. 7, 1996: 61 FR 4722 Recognizes NMFS Pacific salmon policy consistent with this policy

    13. “Elements” to be considered The Discreteness of the population segment in relation to the remainder of the species to which it belongs; The significance of the population segment to the species to which it belongs; The population segment’s conservation status in relation to the Act’s standards for listing.

    14. Elements to be considered The three elements supply a framework or “guiding principles” and identify types of relevant information. The elements do not provide specific criteria or standards for making the decision.

    15. Standards? The authority to list DPSs is to be used “sparingly”

    16. Data relevant to discreteness and significance Genetics Morphology/morphometrics Biogeography Behavior Ecology Each is sufficient, none (including genetics) is required

    21. Mojave fringe-towed lizard (Uma scoparia)

    23. Murphy et al. 2006. J. Arid Environments 67:226

    24. All bald eagles of the Sonoran desert discrete with respect to other bald eagles?

    26. Discreteness (from the petition) Only one of 256 banded nestlings was identified as having emigrated. Two nestlings bred in other areas: Yellowstone and South Carolina. Natal site fidelity is common in bald eagles.

    27. Bases of discretnesss 1 & 2. How many banded nestlings reached breeding age? Found breeding in Sonoran Desert? 3. Dispersal patterns are almost always leptokurtotic (most individuals breed near place of birth) even in continuously-distributed populations, so a break or discreteness is not a necessary consequence.

    28. Is the Sonoran Desert a unique ecological setting (significance)? Response to petition stated: Desert bald eagles are associated with the same preferred habitat as elsewhere: “the riparian ecosystem.” Sonoran lifezones therefore do not constitute a unique setting for the species.

    29. Geography!

    30. Reciprocal monophyly revisted Goldstein et al. 2000. Cons Biol 14(1):120 Use of “monophyly” at infraspecific levels is inappropriate. Diagnosibility should not be viewed as a minimum requirement for justifying protection

    31. Reciprocal monophyly revisted Crandal et. Al 2000; TREE 15(7):290 Argued for restoring ecological data and adaptive genetic variation in identifying ESUs. Ecological data and genetic variation of adaptive significance are more relevant to conservation. Ecological and genetic exchangeability.

    32. Summary points DPS authority is to be used sparingly. NOAA ESU policy for Pacific salmon recognized as consistent with the joint FWS/NOAA DPS policy. Reciprocal monophyly may be sufficient but not necessary for ESU or DPS recognition, the issue is subject to disagreement.

    33. Listing of a significant portion of the range of a species Policy now under development. Attributes analyzed in determining “significance” may include genetics.

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