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Trait Theories

Trait Theories. Explain differences between people in terms of stable personality traits Modern day psychologists have found 5 personality dimensions that span cultures. The 5 Factor Theory. Extraversion Neuroticism Conscientiousness Agreeableness Openness to Experience. Extraversion.

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Trait Theories

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  1. Trait Theories • Explain differences between people in terms of stable personality traits • Modern day psychologists have found 5 personality dimensions that span cultures

  2. The 5 Factor Theory • Extraversion • Neuroticism • Conscientiousness • Agreeableness • Openness to Experience

  3. Extraversion Outgoing Withdrawn Neuroticism Stable Unstable The 5 Factor Theory

  4. Agreeableness Low High Conscientiousness Undependable Dependable The 5 Factor Theory

  5. Openness to Experience Closed Open The 5 Factor Theory

  6. The 5 Factor Theory • Helpful in predicting general trends in behavior • Too general to predict behavior in a specific situation

  7. Personality & Heredity Heritability can be calculated by comparing traits of twins reared together and twins reared apart

  8. Heritability, Big 5 Traits (Minnesota Study)

  9. Heritability, Extraversion (Minnesota Study)

  10. Heritability, Neuroticism (Minnesota Study)

  11. Heritability, Conscientiousness (Minnesota Study)

  12. Heritability, Agreeableness (Minnesota Study)

  13. Heritability, Openness (Minnesota Study)

  14. Behaviorist Theory Behavior determined by: • Reward • Punishment • Classical conditioning

  15. Social Cognitive Theory • Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy • Rotter's Locus of Control

  16. Reciprocal Determinism Environment Personal Cognitive Factors Behavior

  17. Self-Efficacy • One's perception of personal effectiveness • One of Bandura's personal/cognitive factors

  18. Self-Efficacy Beliefyou will dowell Greatereffort &persistence Success

  19. Self-Efficacy Beliefyou will dopoorly Lesseffort &persistence Failure

  20. Optimismabout the future Takingaction Internal Locus Belief you control your fate

  21. Pessimismabout the future Doingnothing Internal Locus Belief you don’tcontrol your fate

  22. The Person: Beliefs and Behaviors • Humanistic psychology • Abraham Maslow • Self-actualization • Oceanic feelings (flow) • Carl Rogers • Client-centered therapy • Unconditional positive regard

  23. The World: Social Influences on Personality • Birth order • Peer relationships: Personality development by peer pressure • Sex differences in personality: Nature and nurture • Culture and personality: Are there national personalities?

  24. Assessment • Observation • Interviews • Rating Scales • Inventories • Projective Tests

  25. Problems • Observations, interviews, & rating scales suffer from reliability problems & the halo effect • Halo Effect: Assuming that someone with one favorable trait has many others as well

  26. The MMPI-2 • The most widely-used inventory • Consists of 567 true-false questions

  27. The CPI • An MMPI-like test designed for normal individuals • The MMPI is more useful for clinical purposes, the CPI for normal populations

  28. Projective Tests • The Rorschach Inkblot Test • The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

  29. The Rorschach Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot triggered that response

  30. The Rorschach • Responses scored on use of parts vs. wholes, movement, content, use of color • Criticized for lack of reliability, low validity (inability to predict behavior)

  31. The TAT • Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous drawings • Person describes what is happening in each

  32. The TAT A TAT-like picture: Criticized for low reliability & for reflecting temporary states rather than long-term traits

  33. Sentence Completion • A projective test requiring completion of open-ended sentences • May be more reliable than the TAT

  34. Magazine Quizzes • "Personality" tests in popular magazines often use vague terms and rely on the the "Barnum Effect" "Always have a little something for everybody.”(Famed circus owner P.T. Barnum) • In this case involves having everyone's assessment be vague (so it fits) but positive (so you'll believe it)

  35. Sigmund Freud Assumptions: • Traits transcend situations • Personality formed in childhood

  36. Freud’s Model

  37. Freudian Theory Personality components • Id: Concerned with drive satisfaction, provides the motive power; follows the pleasure principle (the horse) • Ego: Rational thought; controls & channels id; follows the reality principle (the rider) • Superego: Oversees balance between ego & id; internalized parental control; much like a conscience

  38. Freudian Theory • The Libido: The sexual life energy that drives the id; other researchers dispute Freud's sexual emphasis • The Conscious: Consists of things you are currently aware of; constantly changing • The Preconscious: Consists of things in long term memory that influence behavior; could be retrieved if desired • The Subconscious: Consists of things you're unaware of but that influence you; the primary personality component

  39. Freudian Theory The Unconscious: • The primary personality component • Consists of things you're unaware of but that influence you • Can't be tapped directly • Reflected in slips of the tongue, dreams, etc.

  40. Freudian Theory: Stages Psychosexual Stages(source of libido satisfaction) Oral (0-1 year) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic (3-6 years) Latency (6-puberty) Genital (from puberty)

  41. Freudian Theory: Stages Oral Stage: • Libido gratification comes from oral exploration of the world • Infant learns to trust in others, esp. for food Oral Personality: • Problems in the oral stage supposedly lead to pessimism about the world, hostility or passivity

  42. Freudian Theory: Stages Anal Stage: • Kids learn about delay of gratification • Kids gain pleasure and libido satisfaction from being in control Anal Personality: • Problems in the anal stage supposedly lead to either excessive orderliness or excessive messiness

  43. Freudian Theory: Stages Phallic Stage: • Freud believed sex-role identification occurred • Mechanisms included castration anxiety (boys) & penis envy (girls) Phallic Personality: • Problems in the phallic stage supposedly lead to sex-role identification problems, promiscuity, vanity, or excessive chastity

  44. Freudian Theory: Stages Latency Stage: • A time of focus on achievement and mastery of skills • Libido is channeled into mastery activities • Freud thought little of interest happened here • Others have argued the sense of self-esteem is established here

  45. Freudian Theory: Stages Genital Stage: • The time of mature personality, intimacy with others • Libido satisfied by adult- type sexual activity

  46. Freudian Theory: Defense Defense Mechanisms • Methods for dealing with anxiety • Freud thought some more mature than others Denial Repression Projection Formal Reaction Rationalization Regression Displacement Sublimation

  47. Denial • Refusing to accept that the feeling is present or that the event occurred • A very primitive mechanism • Example: preschoolers will convince themselves they didn't do something they wish they hadn't "Firecrackers? No, I never use firecrackers!"

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