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S U R F A C T A N T S “IN A NUT SHELL” By Tom Schoenberg SCHOENBERG CONSULTING

S U R F A C T A N T S “IN A NUT SHELL” By Tom Schoenberg SCHOENBERG CONSULTING. SURFACTANT CLASSES. ANIONICS AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES CATIONICS NONIONICS. ANIONICS. Definition: The anion portion of the molecule is lipophilic. Example: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate:

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S U R F A C T A N T S “IN A NUT SHELL” By Tom Schoenberg SCHOENBERG CONSULTING

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  1. S U R F A C T A N T S“IN A NUT SHELL”By Tom SchoenbergSCHOENBERG CONSULTING

  2. SURFACTANT CLASSES • ANIONICS • AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES • CATIONICS • NONIONICS

  3. ANIONICS Definition: The anion portion of the molecule is lipophilic. Example: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate: Cation: Sodium (hydrophilic) Anion: Laurylsulfate (lipophilic)

  4. SODIUM LAURYL SUFATE Lipophilic Hydrophilic

  5. MOST COMMONLY USED ANIONICS • Alcohol Sulfates. • Ethoxylated Alcohol Sulfates. • Sulfosuccinates. • Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates. • Alpha Olefin Sulfonates.

  6. ALCOHOL SULFATES • History: Commercial usage began in the mid 1940’s. • Made by the reaction of a fatty alcohol (C8-C18) with sulfur trioxide. • The alcohol sulfuric acid is neutralized with sodium or ammonium hydroxide, or an amine.

  7. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOL SULFATES • C12 (Lauryl) provides the highest foam. • Hydrolyzes at pH < 4.5. • Can be readily thickened when combined with alkanolamides, betaines, amine oxides etc. • Thickening can be greatly enhanced by the addition of electrolytes • (NaCl, KCl etc.). • Light color. • Bland odor.

  8. MAJOR APPLICATIONS • Shampoos • Body Wash • Liquid Hand Soap • Bath Products • Facial Cleansers • Syndet Bars

  9. ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOL SULFATES • History: Commercial usage began in the early 1950’s. • Made by the sulfation of an ethoxylated fatty alcohol. • Typically, the alcohol is lauryl (C12) and ethylene oxide is in the range of 2-3 moles. • The salts are typically sodium or ammonium.

  10. SODIUM LAURETH SUFATE Lipophilic Hydrophilic

  11. PROPERTIES OF ETHER SULFATES • More soluble than alcohol sulfates. • Hydrolyze at pH < 4.5. • Enhance foam stability of LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates). • More mild than alcohol sulfates. Mildness is significantly improved when blended with a sulfosuccinate.

  12. EFFECT OF BLENDS ON IRRITATION15% ACTIVE MEAN SCORE 6.0 SLS 4.0 AOS 2.0 SLES 0 0 25 50 75 100 PERCENT DISODIUM OLEAMIDO MEA SULFOSUCCINATE

  13. LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) • Prepared by the sulfonation of alkyl (typically C12) benzene with sulfur trioxide. • Salts are typically sodium, ammonium or amines.

  14. SODIUM DODECYLBENZENE SUFONATE Lipophilic Hydrophilic

  15. APPLICATIONS OF LAS • Primary surfactant used in household and industrial products: liquid dish wash, car wash, laundry, etc. • Rarely used in personal care. • Stable in acidic products.

  16. Sulfates Hydrolyze More Readily Than Sulfonates Due to the Weaker R-O-S Bond Sulfonate: Sulfate:

  17. ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES • Made by the sulfonation of C14-16 alpha olefin. • Product is actually a mixture of Na 2,3 alkenylsulfonate and Na 3-hydroxy-alkanesulfonate.

  18. ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES Sodium 2,3 alkenylsulfonate Sodium 3-hydroxy-alkanesulfonate

  19. PROPERTIES • Excellent foamer. • Difficult to thicken. • Stable in acid. • Used in both personal care and house hold cleansers. • More mild than LAS.

  20. APPLICATIONS • Liquid dish wash. • Acid cleaners. • Car wash. • Liquid hand soap. • Sulfate free cleansers.

  21. SULFOSUCCINATES • Monoesters are primarily used in personal care cleansers. • Diester (sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) is the most cost effective wetting agent available.

  22. TWO TYPES MONOESTER(GOOD FOAMER, MILD) DIESTER(POOR FOAMER, LOW SOLUBILITY)

  23. MONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCES • MONOALKANOL AMIDES • FATTY ALCOHOLS, OR ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLS

  24. GENERAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SULFOSUCCINATE TYPES AMIDE • Mild to skin and eyes. • Thicken and condition. FATTY ALCOHOL • Mild to skin. • Foams better. • Water white color.

  25. PROPERTIES • Will hydrolyze in acid or alkaline conditions. • Should be formulated in a pH range of 5.0-7.0. • Are mild to skin and eyes. • The most cost/effective mild surfactants available.

  26. EFFECT OF BLENDS ON SKIN IRRITATION 5.0 4.0 3.0 4.7 4.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.9 0 100/0 75/25 50/50 25/75 0/100 SLES/DSLSS* *SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulfate DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate

  27. EFFECT OF BLENDS ON FOAM 500 400 FOAM HT. (ml.) 300 450 420 200 350 100 0 100/0 25/75 0/100 SLES/DSLSS* *SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulfate DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate

  28. AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES

  29. AMPHOTERICS ARE DERIVITIVES OF FATTY IMIDAZONES

  30. AMPHOTERICS Zwitter Ion (Isolectric Form) Cationic (Acid Form) Anionic (Alkaline Form)

  31. PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICSFOR HI&I APPLICATIONS • Stable in alkaline and acid conditions. • The propionate and dipropionate type are excellent for HI&I cleaners. • Low and high foaming is dependant on the molecular weight of the fatty moiety. • A C8 will be a low foamer, whereas, a C12 is a high foamer.

  32. EXAMPLES OF CAUSTIC SOLUBILITY Compound Coco Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Propionate Caprylic (C8) Diacetate Coco Propionate Octyl Betaine Sodium Xylene Sulfonate %NaOH 41 38 30 28 25 23 22

  33. COMPARATIVE FOAM HEIGHTS Foam Ht. 210 155 145 50 30 10 Compound Cocamidopropyl Betaine Coco Propionate Coco Dipropionate Octyl (C8) Betaine Capryl (C8) amidopropyl Betaine Caprylic (C8) Diacetate

  34. PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICS FOR PERSONAL CLEANSING • Stable over a wide pH range. • Mild to skin and eye. • Reduce irritation of ether sulfates.

  35. EFFECT OF BETAINE AMPHOTERIC WITH SODIUM LAURETH SULFATE ON EYE IRRITATION DRAIZESCORE COCAMIDOPROPYLBETAINE 40 30 20 10 DISODIUMCOCOAMPHODIACETATE 0 SLESAMPHO/BETAINE 2575 0100 1000 7525 5050

  36. BETAINES TWO TYPES 1. Alkyl 2. Alkylamido

  37. REASONS FOR BETAINE GROWTH • Formulators Became Familiar With the Advantages. • Recently Used In Household and Institutional Cleaners. • Favored Replacement for Diethanolamides

  38. BETAINES Cationic (Acid Form) Zwitter Ion (Isoelectric Form)

  39. BETAINES ARE BETTER VISCOSITY BUIDERS THAN AMPHOTERICS

  40. MODEL FORMULA Wt.% 8.0 2.090.0 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Amphoteric or BetaineWaterpH=7.0

  41. COMPARATIVE VISCOSITY BUILDING CPS(0000) 6.0 COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE 5.0 4.0 DISODIUMCOCOAMPHODIACETATE 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 PERCENT NaCl

  42. AMPHOTERICS ARE MORE MILD THAN BETAINES

  43. EFFECT OF FREE AMINE ON EYE IRRITATION:BETAINE VS. AMPHOTERIC DRAIZESCORE ACTIVES: 15.0%pH: 7.0 50 COCAMIDOPROPYLBETAINE 40 30 20 DISODIUMCOCOAMPHODIACETATE 10 0 4.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 PERCENT FREE AMINE

  44. EFFECT OF BLENDING BETAINE WITH AMPHOTERIC ON EYE IRRITATION: DRAIZESCORE ACTIVES: 15.0%pH: 7.0 40 30 20 10 0 1000 7525 5050 0100 2575 COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE DISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATE PERCENT

  45. GENERAL DIFFERENCES Betaines Amphoterics Mild to Skin Mild to Eyes Foam Boosting Viscosity Building

  46. CATIONIC SURFACTANTS • Definition: The cation is the lipophilic portion of the molecule. • Types: • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds • Amine Salts

  47. CATIONICS • Amine Salt: • Lipophilic Hydrophilic • Quaternary: • Lipophilic Hydrophilic

  48. PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS • Lower molecular weight are typically used as biocides. • Higher molecular weight (C18) are excellent hair conditioners. • Most are incompatible with anionic surfactants. • Low foaming. • Extremely sensitive to hard water and usually require a chelant.

  49. MAJOR USES OF “QUATS” • Biocides. • Fabric Softeners. • Hair Conditioners. • Antistatic Agents. • “Cheater” Wax. • Corrosion Inhibitors. • Leather Softening. • Pigment Dispersants. • Sewage Flocculants.

  50. BIOCIDES The most commonly used for household and industrial applications: Lauryl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride

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