Outcomes

1. Outcomes • Social Impact • 25k deaths, 250k served • Destruction and Blockades • Inflation • Recession • Before the revolution, America was a place, not a people.

2. Outcomes 2 • African Americans • Return to status antebellum in South • Gradual emancipation in North • Temporary surge of manumission • 10k expatriate with Brits • New Brunswick, Nova Scotia • London • Sierra Leone (1787)

3. Outcomes 3 • Native Americans • Peace of Paris (1783) granted the U.S. all East of the Mississippi, South of the Great Lakes, and North of Florida. With no mention of the Indians. • Iroquois leaders were “thunderstruck” that British diplomats had sold them out to the Americans. • On the Mississippi, an Indian chief confessed to the Spanish governor that the Revolution was “the greatest blow that could have been dealt us.” • Indian alliances with Brit provided the moral rationale for retribution and property confiscation.

4. Economy • Recession and taxes • War debts • Taxes in specie • Trade • Access to British ports

5. Confederation • More a concern for legitimizing Congress than creating a constitution • Keys issues: representation, expenses, western lands • Problems: small states v. large, states with expansive charter claims v. those without land claims, power of national gov’t v. power of states

6. Confederation 2 • Basis: The states were sovereign and the Confederation could only exercise powers expressly delegated to it.

7. Confederation 3 • Key provisions (limits) • Vote by states • Nine vote of thirteen • Unanimous votes to amend • Expenses apportioned • No intervention in police powers • No power to tax • Lack of enforcement power

8. Confederation 4 • Keys • A diplomatic confederation • Mutual defense • Trade (limited) • Representative by states (though not necessarily democratic) • Nationalized possession of western territories (gradual)

9. Diplomacy 1 • A Position of Weakness • Britain, Spain, Barbary Pirates • Britain retained Canada and continued to negotiate with Indians within the U.S. • Spain regained Florida and Louisiana. They also continued to deal with Indians • The “west” remained in chaos as the Native people secured trade partners with Brits and Spanish

10. Barbary Pirates • Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, and Morocco raided American shipping and took captives for ransom. • Americans as ‘white slaves’

11. Diplomacy 2 • Issue of compensation with Brits: • American slaveholders wanted compensation from Britain • British debt holders wanted payment of outstanding balances • British held posts within U.S.: Champlain to Niagara to Detroit • fur trade, Indian control • Fears of intrigue (Kentucky and Vermont)

12. Diplomacy 3 • Spain and the US • Spain was wary about U.S. ambitions for Florida; failure of Jay-Gardoqui • Controlled New Orleans and the Southwest. Closed the Miss R. to U.S. traffic in 1784. • U.S. goals were open trade with Spanish possessions, free passage on Miss River through N.O., and confirmed southern border at 31st parallel. Not settled until 1796 Treaty of Madrid. • Spain rejected U.S. and encouraged separatists in Tenn and Ky.

13. Homefront • Western settlers on their own • Eastern farmers and taxes • Daniel Shays

14. Concerns • The Mount Vernon Conference, March 1785 • Concerns: mutual navigation problems along the lower Potomac, maritime use of the Chesapeake Bay, fishing and harbor rights, criminal jurisdiction, import duties, currency control, and other matters.

15. Discuss Commerce, September 1786 Annapolis then and now Annapolis

16. Annapolis 2 • Only five states represented • NY, NJ, PA, VA, MD • Enter James Madison, Alexander Hamilton • Key decision: meet again next year in Philadelphia

17. Philadelphia "WE the people of the United States..." 55 delegates from twelve states met from May through September, 1787