The Market Revolution 1820 -1860

1. The Market Revolution 1820 -1860 Agrarian to Industrial Changes in America

2. The Rise of Interchangeable Parts • Remember the story of Chauncey Jerome • Started as an apprentice for a master clockmaker • Started on company by age of 24 and realized he could mass produce clocks by using interchangeable parts. • Prices dropped from $20 to $2

3. Industrial Revolution • Individuals efforts to make industrial changes • Leads to a new economic era, but also led to class-divided society

4. Division of Labor in the Factory • Take semi-skilled workers and teach the employee a specific task. • No longer a master cobbler in shoe factories, but mass production of product. • Leads to lower prices.

5. Porkopolis

6. Grain Mills • A mill could grind 100,000 bushels of grain a year with six employees

7. Samuel Slater Father of the Industrial Revolution • British government forbade anyone migrating to the America’s who were textile mechanics . • Slater comes to the U.S. in 1789 having memorized Richard Arkwright's spinning frame plans. • Worked with Moses Brown in Providence Rhode Island.

8. Samuel Slater Father of the Industrial Revolution

9. FYI • Before machinery, thread was spun by unmarried women, orphan girls, and widows with no prospects for remarriage. Thus the term for unmarried women became “spinster”

10. Tariffs • English manufacturers could undersell American goods • Larger population • More landless people willing to work in factories • Lower wages, less opportunities

11. The Lowell Factory Girls • Francis Cabot Lowell went to England and stole the best of the ideas of the British Factory System • Opens factories in Waltham, Massachusetts • Built the largest and fastest mill in the world. • To lower prices, recruit farm girls and women to work in the mill

12. The Lowell Factory Girls

14. Lowell Factory Girl • Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl as IShould be sent to the factory to pine away and die?Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be a slave,For I'm so fond of liberty,That I cannot be a slave.

15. Lowell Factory Girl • We must leave our looms. We are daughters of free men and are being forced to work under conditions that approach slavery. Do we need this money so badly that we will submit to these inhumane working conditions while this aristocracy of mill owners lives off the profits of our sweat? Are we not entitled to reasonable breaks in our toil to eat our meals as decent people do - not racing to our boardinghouses and bolting our food like piglets at the trough? And is it not reasonable to limit the workday to ten hours so we have time in the evenings to improve our minds as we were promised? WE must prevent our sex from being made into living machines to do the bidding of incorporated aristocrats and reduced to a sum for their services hardly sufficient to keep soul and body together. The mill managers have been deaf to our petitions and our rallies. They will only hear us when the factories are stilled by workers leaving their looms to secure their dignity and their rights

16. Wage Workers and Labor Movement • Craft unions came first • Carpenters, Stone cutters, cabinet Makers • Organized to deal with the Master artisans who hired them • Wanted a ten hour work day with and hour for breakfast and lunch ( Day would be 6 – 6 • Industrialization worked against them

17. Eli Whitney • Yale graduate • Cotton Gin • Manufacturing of military weapons • In 1798, given a large contract to manufacture muskets for U.S. Government • Interchangeable parts, new ways to use machines in manufacturing • Father of “mass production”

19. Expansion of Markets • Westward expansion • Government land being sold at $1.25 an acre • For $100 a farmer could buy 80 acres of land

20. Transportation • The National Road – Cumberland, Md. To Vandalia, Ill. 1818 - 1839

21. Transportation • The Steamboat – 1807 Robert Fulton – The Clermont traveled up the Hudson River – Why important? • Later will help improve transportation on the Mississippi R. • Canals- To carry corn and wheat and manufactured goods – Canal system

22. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont

23. Erie Canal System

24. The Erie Canal, 1820s

25. The Erie Canal • 1st major engineering feat in America. • Supported by the New York City Merchants, Gov. DeWitt Clinton, and the tax payers. • Moved millions of cubic yards of dirt, quarry rocks and build locks to raise and lower boats

26. The Erie Canal • Brought prosperity to central and western New York • Towns and industries developed along the route • Led to a canal building boom

27. The Erie Canal • I've got a mule, and her name is Sal,Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal.She's a good ol' worker an' a good ol' pal,Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal.We've hauled some barges in our day,Filled with lumber, coal, and hay,And we know every inch of the wayFrom Albany to Buffalo. • (chorus)Low bridge, everybody down!Low bridge, for we're comin' through a town!And you'll always know your neighbor,You'll always know your pal,If you've ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

28. Growth Cities and Towns • Chicago – fastest growing boom town • Cleveland • Detroit • Buffalo • St. Louis – 2nd fastest growing boom town

29. The Railroad • In 1830 the first American-built locomotives were put into regular operation on the Baltimore and Ohio, Charleston and Hamburg, and Mohawk and Hudson railroads • Vested interests, including turnpike and bridge companies, stagecoaches, ferries, and canals, sought laws to prohibit trains from carrying freight

30. The Railroad • After 1830 that railroads were destined to become the nation's chief means of moving freight. • During the 1830s, construction companies laid down 3,328 miles of track, roughly equal to all the miles of canals in the country. • With an average speed of 10 miles an hour, railroads were faster than other vehicles and could travel in any season.

31. Results of the Transportation revolution • The transportation revolution sharply reduced the cost of shipping goods to market and stimulated agriculture and industry. • New roads, canals, and railroads speeded the pace of commerce and strengthened ties between the East and West.

33. Communication Revolution • During the 1790s, it took 3 weeks for a letter to travel from New York to Cincinnati or Detroit and 4 weeks to arrive in New Orleans. • In 1799 it took 1 week for news of George Washington's death to reach New York City from Virginia. • A decade and a half later, it still took 49 days for word of the peace treaty ending the War of 1812 to reach New York from London.

34. The Telegraph • As early as the 1720s, it was known that electricity could be conducted along a wire to convey messages • Iit was not until 1844 that an American artist and inventor named Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated the practicality of the telegraph and devised a workable code for sending messages

35. Changes in Social Structure • Business Elite • Bankers • Merchants • Landlords • By 1860 the 10% wealthiest families owned 70% of the wealth in America • Able to accumulate mass wealth because of the tax system • Set themselves apart from the rest of the population

36. Changes in Social Structure • The Middle Class • Professional groups such as lawyers, building contractors, business owners • They managed the Wealthy peoples businesses • Mostly in the Northeast, will go to high school then move into family businesses • Puritan work ethic

37. Changes in Social Structure • New Urban Poor • By 1840 half of the native born freemen were working for others • They had money for food and rent and not for much • Lived in slums amid great squalor and vermin • Mass consumption of alcohol added to the squalor

38. Concern over Effects of Market Revolution 1. Acquisitiveness as threat to public good 2. Cycle of boom and bust 3. Irregular employment 4. Widening inequalities of living standards 5. Erosion of craft skills 6. Specter of wage dependency; “wage slavery”

39. Westward expansion • Contributing impact of transportation and communications revolutions • Pace and magnitude

40. Westward expansion 3. Streams of migration a. From Lower South b. From Upper South c. From New England 4. Regional patterns a. Old Northwest b. Old Southwest

41. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom 1. Pace and magnitude 2. Contributing factors a. Industrial demand for cotton b. Invention of cotton gin c. Opening of Deep South to white settlement 3. Revitalization and spread of plantation slavery a. Growth of domestic slave trade b. Consequences for slaves c. Consequences for South’s social and economic development

42. Market society Commercialization of northwest farming 1. Eastern markets 2. Transportation networks 3. Availability of credit 4. Improved farm machinery

43. Market society Growth of cities 1. Place on western frontier 2. Pace of growth From craft production to mass production 1. Decline of artisan tradition a. Larger workshops b. Subdivision of tasks c. Increased supervision

44. Immigration • Push Pull Factors • 1840 – 1860 • 2 million Irish – stayed in the cities • 1.5 million Germans – moved to farms in the West • 750,000 English

45. Immigration • Large rise of Catholicism • Leads to Nativism • Protestantism worried about this • Samuel Morse wrote books about the conspiracy of the Catholic Church • Boston – Burning of convents • Philadelphia – Riots when the Catholic Bishop persuaded the schools to add a Catholic Bible along with the Protestant Bible • Blamed Immigrants for job losses among the poor Protestants • Founding of the Know Nothing Party