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The Market Revolution 1800 - 1860

Explore the profound era of industrialization in the early 19th century, from Samuel Slater to the rise of factory systems, development in textiles, and advancements in transportation. Witness the growth of cities, labor effects, changing occupations, and the impact on women as part of the economy. Learn about the transportation revolution through turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and the transformative impact of railroads. Dive into the labor movement and the rise of labor unions against exploitative working conditions.

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The Market Revolution 1800 - 1860

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  1. The Market Revolution 1800 - 1860

  2. A. Industrialization

  3. Rise of the factory system • Most profound movement of early 19th c. • Take a raw material and turn it into a finished product all in one place • Industrialization began in earnest because of Embargos & War • Samuel Slater • Father of the Factory System • Emigrated in 1791 • Brought designs from England

  4. Interchangeable parts • Allowed for mass production of high quality goods • Invented by Eli Whitney in 1798 • First used for Rifles Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory

  5. The Textile Industry • Began the IR in the U.S. • Ideas for machines smuggled out of England • 1st major factory was owned by the Boston Associates in Waltham, MA • Run by Francis Cabot Lowell • 1st all in one factory • Spun, wove, dyed, & printed • 1823 – Lowell, MA established Early Textile Loom

  6. New England was the industrial center • Soil made farming difficult • Dense population for labor and markets • Shipping and seaports for transportation of raw materials and finished goods • Rivers provided an early power source

  7. Resourcefulness & Experimentation • Americans were willing to try anything • They were first copiers, then innovators • Stole England’s ideas, then developed their own • 1800  41 patents were approved • 1860 4,357 patents were approved

  8. OliverEvans First automated flour mill First prototype of the locomotive

  9. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

  10. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

  11. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

  12. Urbanization occurred people looking for jobs in factories 1820: only 12 cities with a pop. over 5,000 1860: 150 cities 1860: 6 million people lived in urban areas Growth of Cities

  13. Developments in the 1820’s & 1830’s • Protective Tariffs • As more industries develop → more tariffs are created to protect them from competition • Transportation Revolution • improvement in the distribution of goods • Emergence of new general incorporation laws • Makes it easier to start a business

  14. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Secured contracts Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Government could not alter contracts/charters Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Fed. Government ONLY can control interstate trade Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) Monopolies are illegal Favorable Supreme Court Decisions

  15. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

  16. Regional Specialization • Northeast → Industrial • 1860: had 81% of country’s industrial capacity • Most populous region • West → Agriculture • Country’s Breadbasket • South → Cash Crops • Does not industrialize b/c capital is tied up in slavery • Political Implications: • West and NE tied together • South is isolated

  17. B. Labor

  18. Effects on slavery in the South • Textile mills had a high demand for cotton • Increased Southern reliance on slavery

  19. Factory Workers • Wages: paid per hour not on the product they produced • By 1860 40% of the population were “wage slaves” • Working conditions were atrocious: • Low wages, few breaks & long hours • Poor lighting & ventilation, unsanitary conditions • Dangerous machinery • Exploitation of child workers

  20. Labor Unions • Labor Unions are against the law • Seen as conspiracies • Dozens of strikes erupted during the 1830’s & 1840’s • Most lost • Union membership grew to 300,000 by 1830 • Panics will hurt union numbers • Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842): MA Supreme Court • Ruled that unions are not conspiracies • Union influence very limited until after the Civil War

  21. Women and the Economy • Women found employment in factories BEFORE they married • The Lowell System: • Offered chaperoned boarding houses to young female workers • Factory jobs were scarce • Main jobs were nursing, domestic service, and teaching

  22. C. Transportation

  23. Turnpikes • Turnpikes = Paved Toll Roads • 1832: U.S. had 2,400 miles of road • “Shunpikes” • People did not want to pay the toll • Built detours around toll booths

  24. Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1839 • Cumberland Road (National Road) completed in 1839 • Became vital highway to the west

  25. Steamboat • Developed by Robert Fulton • 1807: sailed the Clermont up the Hudson River • Importance: 2 way transportation on rivers • Increased speed & decreased cost

  26. Canals • Erie Canal was 1st major canal built • Began in 1817 – completed in 1825 • Gov. DeWitt Clinton approved financing • Dropped shipping costs from $100 to $5 from Buffalo to NYC • Dropped shipping time from 20 days to 6

  27. Erie Canal System

  28. Canal building began in earnest after Erie • By 1837 over 3,000 miles of canals built • NY Harbor becomes more important than New Orleans

  29. Most important transportation improvement was the Railroad Fast, reliable, easy to construct, didn’t freeze in the winter 1830: 1st RR built by the Baltimore & Ohio Company (B&O) By 1860: 31,000 miles of RR lines ¾ of the RR lines in the North Iron Horse

  30. TheRailroadRevolution Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs. Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

  31. Inland Freight Rates

  32. Westward Ho! • New transportation will open the West • Between 1790-1840 4.5 million people cross the Appalachian mountains Conestoga Covered Wagons

  33. D. Immigration

  34. Immigration • No records kept until 1820 • 1820 → 8,385 • 1830 → 23, 322 • 1854→ 430,000 • Industries welcomed immigrants • Needed workers • Without them, IR would have been impossible • Immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods

  35. National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

  36. Large numbers began to immigrate in the 1840’s To settle Canada, Britain offered a reduced passage (100 shillings → 5shillings) Irish took advantage of it, but hated the British so came to the U.S. 1845-1849: Potato Famine Over 1.5 million emigrated to the U.S Arrived in NYC, Boston, Philadelphia, & Baltimore Destitute: stayed in cities because they could not move west In Boston – ran into problems Highly educated, Puritan Bostonians did not like the illiterate Irish Catholic peasants Hung signs “No Irish Need Apply” Later hatred towards Irish common in all cities Irish Immigrants

  37. German Immigrants • Large numbers began to emigrate in the early 1850’s because of political & economic instability • Weren’t as poor as the Irish • Settled mainly in the West in German enclaves

  38. Nativist Reaction • Not happy about the Irish • Created a political party to show their anti-Catholic beliefs • Know-Nothing Party • Believed Catholics in office took orders straight from the Pope and that the Irish were creating violent cities

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