Europe

1. Europe Religion, Colonialism, Changes and Conflict

2. Christianity • Romans • Allowed the Jews to worship freely, only thing they cared about was being loyal to Emperor • Jesus: Christianity is based off his teachings (a lot of Jewish principles as well) • Romans feared Jesus, though teachings might cause an uprising • Pontius Pilate: Roman governor, arrested Jesus and had him crucified • Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead and that through faith all believers could be saved.

4. Christianity • Romans • Christianity started to spread slowly throughout the Roman Empire. Eventually the Roman Empire began to see it as a threat. • Christianity became more popular in times of struggle (wealth and social status also did not matter) • By 300 AD, Christianity had grown so much that the Roman Empire was forced to accept Christianity as a religion. • Constantine supported Christianity, by 391 AD Christianity was adapted as the official religion of Roman Empire.

6. Christianity • Roman Religious Structure • Priest: Local Levels • Bishops: Head of all churches in an large city/area • Pope: Supreme power over all the church • Holy Trinity: Father, Son, Holy Spirit. • Structure resembles the Catholic Church today • A TON of conflict between the power of bishops, popes and political leaders (Kings, Queens, etc)

7. Christianity • Crusades: • Cause: Muslims from Central Asia gained control of Palestine (Israel today). Also they threatened Christians in the Byzantine Empire (Turkey) • Pope Urban II: Decided to reclaim the holy land • Over 10,000 Europeans took up this cause of numerous military expeditions. • Why did so many people go: Save Souls, gain land and wealth, make money through trade

8. Christianity • 1st Crusade • French and Italian leaders sent out armies • Successful in attacking and capturing the holy city of Jerusalem. (Massacred Jewish and Muslim residents) • Positive in that it set up trade between Europe and the Middle East. • Muslims and Christians lived along side of each other • Europeans had some control of the Middle East

9. Christianity • 2nd Crusade • The Turks began to unite their forces and took back cities that the European’s had won • German and French forces failed to win back Damascus • 3rd Crusade • Muslims gained control of Jerusalem • Red Beard (HRE), Phillip II (France), Richard I (England) all united to fight back • Red Beard drowned leading his army, Phillip and Richard fought with each other….did not win city back

10. Christianity • 4th Crusade • Pope Innocent III organized it • Italians troops attacked Christian cities of Zadar and Constantinople • Children’s Crusades • Young people from across Europe marched on the Holy Land to regain it for Christianity. • Many were killed or sold into slavery • Results • Last Crusade ended in 1291 when Muslims captured the city of Acre • All but the 1st Crusades were a failure • Gunpowder, crossbows, etc • Church became more powerful • Exchange of goods and ideas boosted trade

12. Reformation • Reformation • Split of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe • Why • People felt the Church was focusing too much on money and power • Start • Independent German states began to do their own thing religiously. • Pope Leo X tried to force these states to pay money for committing a sin….angered a lot of people

13. Reformation • Martin Luther • Monk who was struggling with his personal religious struggle • Belief: ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner. Only thing that mattered was inner faith with God. “Justification by grace through faith” • He shocked everyone by challenging the Church • Pope declared him a heretic and kicked him out of Church • Luther was declared an outlaw and he hid @ the Wartburg Castle in Eisenach Germany. There he translated the Bible into German. • Followers of Luther’s teachings were called Protestants

15. Spread of Protestantism • German Issues • Charles V tried to stop Protestantism from spreading • He was unsuccessful, each German ruler had the right to choose the type of Christianity for their state. • England • Henry VIII: Created the Anglican Church to get away from the Roman Catholic Church • Henry did this because he wanted a divorce because his wife only gave him a daughter (Mary I). There had never been a Queen before. • Pope did not allow the divorce, so Henry VIII formed his own Church (Anglican Church of England). • Church kept same practices but did open the door for Protestantism in England

16. Calvinism • John Calvin • Became the leader of the movement in Switzerland • Similar to the Protestants in that it relied heavily on faith and the Bible • Predestination: God decided who to save @ the beginning of time. • Theocracy: Government ruled by a religious leader • Calvinist: Righteous Living, very strict • Huguenots: French nobles who began to covert to Calvinism. Fought Civil Wars with French Catholics for 30 years (1562-1598). Eventually given religious freedom.

18. European Exploration • Foundations • Needed better maps, navigation tools (compass) and ships to effectively sail to the riches of India and China • Joint-Stock Companies: helped to fund explorations all throughout the world. • Banks began to be more modern (lending, etc) • European Countries (Spain, Portugal, France, and England) began to build overseas Empires. • Mercantilism: countries wanted to get as much gold and silver possible to have more wealth. A favorable balance of trade with its colonies would help this. • Renaissance (curiosity), Religion (freedom), Land and Fame all led to more people wanted to explore

19. Portugal • Explorers • Prince Henry: Henry the Navigator, sent people around Africa, looking for gold and trade • Bartolomeu Dias: Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope • Vasco da Gama: Sailed to India. • Opened the door to great wealth for Portugal • Pedro Cabral: Tried sailing west, landed in Brazil • Treaty of Tordesillas: Imaginary line that divided Spain’s conquests from Portugal's • Also expanded into SE Asia (Sri Lanka, Japan, China) • Began Slave Trade • Portugal could not keep up, eventually overrun by Spain

21. Spain • Christopher Columbus • Shorter route to Asia by sailing Westward (Ptolemy and Marco Polo) • Made 4 total voyages to the West Indies, believed he had founded a completely new land. • Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods between products, plants, animals, and even disease • Made Spain very wealthy

22. Spain • Explorers • Amerigo Vespucci (Italian): Sailed for Spain and Portugal (America’s namesake) • Ferdinand Magellan (Portugese): Sailed for Spain, made the first journey around the world in 1522. • Ponce De Leon: Florida and Fountain of Youth • Hernan Cortes: Mexico, captured Aztec leader Montezuma and destroyed Empire w/ small pox • Francisco Pizarro: Claimed Ecuador to Chile for Spain, destroyed thee Incan Empire • Fore a time the colonies produced great wealth for Spain. • The Empire was attached a lot by other countries

24. Dutch • Early Ties w/ Spain • The Netherlands were part of Spain’s control. Phillips II ruined that by treating them poorly b/c of Calvinism • William of Orange led a successful revolt against Spanish influence by using guerilla warfare. • Dutch Exploration • Dutch were very tolerant of others, always had been sea going people. • Dutch East India Trading Company • Purchased Manhattan Island from natives…NYC • Dutch were looking to make money, had settlements in North America, South America and Asia.

26. Great Britain's Empire • Summary • Started during the 1600s, by 1760 Great Britain had the strongest colonial empire in the world • Start • King Henry VII sent John Cabot to explore the west in 1497 (explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia) • Elizabeth I: Sent out many explorers (Drake, Hawkins, Raleigh) that claimed new lands and made the Spanish mad by pirating their ships. • Defeating the Spanish Armada gave England confidence to colonize.

27. Great Britain’s Empire • Colonization • Queen Elizabeth grated a charter to a group known as the British East India Trading Co…involved with India for 260 years. Most powerful company in world (1700s) • America • First looking for Northwest Passage • Henry Hudson (explored of both Dutch and English)..never found the Northwest Passage • First settlements in Jamestown and Plymouth

29. Changes to GB Empire • America • America won its independence in 1781 • Canada • Canadian settlers wanted more self rule in the early 1800s. GB just let them have their independence • Australia • James Cook claimed the land in 1770 for Australia, GB sent prisoners to live there. • Aborigines: Native people to Australia • All parts of Australia united in 1901. • New Zealand • British took control in 1840. • Maori: Native people of New Zealand • By 1907 New Zealand had joined the British Empire.

30. Social Changes • Bad Living Conditions • Cities were dirty, unsafe, and unhealthy • People did not go out alone at night, no police, etc • Disease was easily able to spread b/c of waste everywhere • Black Death • Plague that started from Asian trade routes (1347) • Carried by black rats on ships • Around 25 million people died (1/3 of all Europe population) • People lost faith in God, workers wanted more wages, etc

32. New Ways of Thinking • Renaissance • Philosophical and Artistic Movement. • Renewed by studying the works of ancient civilizations..got the idea from the Byzantines during the Crusades. • Believed in the power of human reason (thinking) • Niccolo Machiavelli • Writer who believed that political rulers should be only concerned about power and political success

33. New Ways of Thinking • Inventions • Thomas Edison: Light bulb and harnessing electricity • Alexander Graham Bell: Human voice on electrical circuit • Henry Ford, Karl Benz, Etienne Lenoir: Cars • Wilbur and Orville Wright: Airplane • New Thinkers • Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution. Those who survive have the best natural characteristics to survive. • Gregor Mendel: Founded Genetics • Edward Jenner: small pox vaccine (coxpox) • Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization….found out that bacteria cause illness • Dmitry Mendeleyev: Classified Elements • Albert Einstein: German Scientist

36. New Ways of Thinking • New Thinkers cont.. • Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud: Psychology • Beethoven: German Composer • James Fennimore Cooper: American Writer • Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky: ballets, operas • Sports • Became organized and popular during the 1800s. • Soccer and baseball were some of the earliest

37. Economic Changes • Domestic System/Barter • Old way of doing things were manufacturing took place within the home. Separate workers would complete tasks at home..come together to produce final product • Barter: Trade • Money Changers were the first bankers. They exchanged money and gave out loans. Many Jews held this role in Middle Ages b/c they could not own land • People also began to invest money

38. Economic Change • Industrial Revolution • Rapid industrial development caused by available land and natural resources, available money to invest and available workers. • Mechanization: Automatic machines (silk spinning first) • Richard Arkwright: Use of water to power machine..started the first factory system. • Demand for cotton increased, England got most from the Southern United States (4 million to 100 million pounds per year) • Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): machine that cleaned cotton, made it easier to mass produce it

41. Economic Changes • Industrial Revolution • Water (river power) was unpredictable, tried to harness steam power (James Watt) • Bessemer Process: Process to inject air into pure Iron to remove impurities. This made steel easier to use. • Charles Goodyear: Vulcanization (made rubber less sticky) • Robert Fulton: Steam Engine on boat..changed water travel • Samuel Morse: Morse Code and Telegraph • Great Britain was the European leader in Industrialization • Factory System developed a wage system and Middle Class • Women also began to work more

43. Economic Changes • Capitalism • Economic system where individuals or corporations control what and how much gets produced (not govts) • Division of Labor: Economic principle that increased the rate of production….each person specialized in a certain job. • Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts…machines that made things that were all alike…easier to fix • Mass Production: Producing large numbers of identical items. • Business began to become corporations (people could buy stock in them)

44. Economic Changes • Supply-Demand • Item is scarce and has high demand=high prices paid. When supply goes down, prices rise • Item is not scarce and has low demand=lower prices paid • Smith’s Theory: Manufacturers that compete with other companies must reduce prices to be competitive (but not too low or they will go out of business). • System of Free Enterprise (no government control)

45. Economic Changes • Conditions: • Were bad for workers • Humanitarians: People who tried to help (Charles Dickens) • Strikes: effective way to protest working conditions • Unions: organizations created to protect the rights of workers

46. Economic Changes • Socialism • Some people felt that the laissez-faire approach would not work (let it be) • Felt they need to change who owned the means of production • Means of Production: money and equipment used to produce and exchange goods (land, RR, mines, factories, stores, banks) • Definition: government owns the means of production and operates them for the benefit of all people, not just the wealthy. Everyone should share in the profits • Utopian Socialists: People who believed that people could live peacefully together in small communities where everyone would work for the common good of all

47. Theories • Karl Marx • Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) • Thought that capitalism created a conflict between workers and business owners. His thoughts were that a few owners made a ton of money of the hard work of the workers. • Marx predicted that the workers would eventually unite and overthrow the capitalistic areas and create a socialist revolution. • Believed that people would learn the benefits of working together and a classless society would emerge..pure communism