Europe

1. Europe In the Late Middle Ages

2. England • William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, conquered and united most of England. • Battle of Hastings marked beginning of Norman rule of England • Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. • King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power. • It asserted that the nobles had certain rights • It made it clear that the monarch must obey the law • King Edward summons the first Parliament

3. France • Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.

4. The Hundred Years War • Time – 1337-1453 A.D. • Location - France and the Low Countries • Reason – Two kings claimed to be King of France • Key Players • Joan of Arc, French peasant • Henry V – England • Charles VII – France • Phillip IV – France

5. The Hundred Years War • Results • French victory • Raised nationalism and patriotism in • England – we don’t want to be French anymore • France – keep those stinkin’ English out of our country • French King strengthened • English King weakened • Decline of knights and mounted cavalry • Longbow • Standing armies begin to replace knights as military force

6. Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country (finished the Reconquista) and expelled Muslim Moors (1492) and later the Jews. • Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Philip II. • The Inquisition • To eliminate heresy

7. Mongol Armies • Invaded Russia, China and Muslim states in southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside • Created an Empire

8. Russia • Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation. • Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar. • The Eastern Orthodox Church influenced unification.

9. The Crusades

10. Why Called? • To recapture lands conquered by Muslims • To protect Christians in the Holy Land

11. Key Events • The capture of Jerusalem by Muslim armies, 638 A.D. • Pope Urban II’s speech, 1095 A.D. • Capture of Jerusalem by Crusaders, 1099 A.D. • Founding of Crusader states, 1099-1291 A.D. • Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin, 1187 A.D. • Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders, 1204 A.D.

12. Effects • Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs • Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East • Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims • Weakened the Byzantine Empire • Prevented Muslim conquest of Europe • Christians didn’t gain ultimate control of Holy Lands

13. Constantinople • Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire • Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire

14. Black Death The Bubonic Plague Click on Video

15. Impact • Decline in population • Scarcity of labor • Towns freed from feudal obligations • Decline of church influence • Disruption of Trade

16. Church Scholars • Were among the very few who could read and write • Worked in monasteries • Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin • Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe • Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe

17. The Decline of the Catholic Church • Common Problems • Clergy marrying • Simony • Control of church offices by nobles and kings • Who is more powerful? Pope or King? • Pope Boniface VII vs. King Phillip IV • Pope said he was “absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature.” • Phillip had Boniface arrested; Pope died shortly after

18. The Great Schism of the Catholic Church • 1305 – new pope elected (Clement V) • He moved pope’s HQs to Avignon, France • 1378 – Pope Urban VI elected (Italian) • 1379 – French elect their own pope (Clement VII) • 1414 – Council of Constance called to resolve problem • They get rid of both • Elect another • Now THREE popes! • 1417 – Another council got rid of all three • Ended controversy

19. Gothic Architecture • Style of Building • Characteristics • Stained Glass • Flying Buttress • Pointed Arches • Ribbed Vaults