SOCIAL COGNITION

1. SOCIAL COGNITION 1970s, label ‘social cognition’ • (arises out of earlier work on attitudes, attribution, person perception) ‘…The social cognition approach is based on the conviction that constructs relevant to cognitive representation and process are fundamental to understanding all human responses, regardless of whether those responses are social or non-social in nature…’ (Ostrom 1994)

2. Process by which people make sense of/think about other people • Premise that cognition underlies all important human phenomena: • Cognition both determines and is determined by how we live our lives. • Sole difference between cognitive psychology and social cognition is phenomena being understood • Contribution: use of common explanatory principles across all areas of social psychology • Drive toward theoretical generality, theoretical integration

3. Core principles of social cognition • Experimentation • Metaphorical models: Information processor; naïve scientist; cognitive miser; motivated tactician (Fiske & Taylor 1991) • James 1890/1983:960 ‘My thinking is first and last and always for the sake of my doing and I can only do one thing at a time’ • Constructivism & Realism

4. Perceptual cognitivism (therefore posits internal cognitive constructs) • Mental representations • Unconscious operations • Controlled processes

5. Objects vs. People as targets of perceptionSome important differences • People intentionally influence their environment (intentionality) • People as objects of perception perceive back; joint perception is negotiated (mutual perception) • Social cognition implicates the self as subject as well as object (self-presentation) • Social objects may change upon being the target of cognition (variable) • The accuracy or veracity of cognitions about people is harder or impossible to assess than for non-social objects (complex) • Social cognition involves social explanation • Social cognition is shared.

6. Pragmatic social context of thinking about others PHILOSOPHY 2 descriptions of thinking • Locke’s 1690 elemental approach • Kant 1871 interpretative constructive approach (Gestalt) Asch 1964 (configural model) Impressions are a configuration, they are unified and integrated - active process We go beyond information given Bruner 1957

7. alternative: elemental or algebraic modelAnderson 1981 • Take components of impression, extract evaluations • Decision making model • Highly predictive Holistic or Gestalt model started research into schemas = cognitive structure that represents knowledge about concept or stimulus, incl. attributes & relations among attributes (Fiske & Taylor 1991:98)

8. Preconceptions or theories about social world ·Person schemas ·Self-schemas ·Role schemas ·Event schemas Information management

9. Schemas shape how we encode, remember & judge information - categorization process ·Direct attention ·Guide memory ·Influence judgement Schemas vs. evidence – theory vs. data? Depends on fit & diagnosticity; motivation; conditions Default option – schema.

10. 3 major processes operate on Schemas and attributions = fundamental building blocks of social cognition • Attention • Memory • inference

11. Attention Selectivity in processing information from the environment. What effects does salience have on our perception of others? 2 different kinds of processes: encoding and consciousness, the experience of awareness itself. Most important features: selective & limited.

12. Context – salience is a property of a stimulus in a particular context. • Immediate context • One’s schema or prior knowledge • Current task Salience: • exaggerates people’s causal attributions • exaggerates our evaluations, polarises them.

13. Person memory • Sets or goals relating to learning new information • Memory set • Impression set • Empathy set • Self-reference • Anticipated interaction Priming of old information

14. Human Inference – core of SC Once information is available:  • personal filters in the form of cognitive categories; • limited ability to process information; and • values and interests act to select, categorize and provide the basis for a person to organize events Personal constructs - templates through which we draw inferences about others’ characteristics.

15. We do not invent these cognitive units, we acquire them primarily through the language of our culture. Inferences drawn often fallacious or biased. Errors and biases: Heuristics

16. Tversky & Kahneman 1974 • Representativeness • Availability • Simulation (counterfactual thinking) • Anchoring & adjustment

17. Continuing critique from European inspired intergroup perspective (Social Identity Theory)  Social cognition ignores group conflicts & memberships,asocietal individual • Low context, high objectivity • Decontextualized and individualistic Self/other : Psychological/social can’t be detached Social & psychological determinants of behaviour not competing alternatives but inseparable complements

18. Reading • 2 pages on Macrae et al. study 1994 – Augoustinos et al. 2006*(required). • Ch. 5 in the Blackwell Reader • McGarty & Haslam, Ch. 23 & 7 • Steele, R.S. & Morawski, J.G. (2002) Implicit cognition and the social unconscious. Theory & Psychology, 12(1), 37-54. • Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J.C. & Glick, P. (2006) Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth & competence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11(2), 77-83.