Earth Science

1. Earth Science • 5 mins to study for Quiz #1- • Atoms • Atomic # & atomic mass • Ionic vs. covalent • Elements • Compound • Mass vs. gravity • What a mineral is. • How do crystals form?

2. Crystal Lab – Part 1 • Copy the parts of the crystal lab handout that have a black diamond into your comp book. • Title – Crystallization Lab (date)

3. Earth Science • Get out your counting atoms worksheet!

4. II. Minerals & Crystals

5. A. Mineral • Occurs naturally • Is a solid • Has a definite chemical composition • Specific pattern/ crystal structure • Is inorganic (not produced by animals, plants, or any living thing) Ex. Quartz, halite, mica, Gold, diamonds

6. B. Non- minerals on earth 1. Substances that don’t fit the requirements for a mineral. Ex. Water, pearls, coal Crystal Caves in Mexico

7. c. HOW MINERALS FORM

8. HOW MINERALS FORM • Crystallization – The process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure 2. Minerals form by cooling magma 1.)Size of crystals depends on – a) the rate of cooling b) chemical composition

9. Ways minerals form 3. Minerals formed by Evaporation – When ancient seas slowly evaporated, minerals formed (halite, gypsum, calcite) a. Slow cooling = large crystals b. fast cooling = small crystals

11. Formation of Minerals Type & Amount Rate Most form in molten rock called “Magma” The kinds of minerals that form depends in part on what elements are present and in what amount. The rate at which the magma cools determines the size of the mineral

12. Water-Based Minerals Other Info Crystalline Minerals formed when water containing dissolved ions evaporates Ex. Halite (rock salt) Heat & pressure can also change substances into minerals All minerals are crystalline Made of atoms arranged in a regular pattern

13. Crystal A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called crystal faces The angle at which crystals faces meet is always the same for each kind of mineral and can be used to help identify the mineral Although there are thousands of different kinds of minerals, only 6 basic crystal shapes occur

14. Crystallographic axes Descriptive shapes used to help identify each crystal system what are they? See fig. 3.14 on page 39 blk text

15. Silica Tetrahedron In all Silicates 90% of the minerals in Earth’s crust are members of a mineral Family called Silicates These silicates are compounds of the elements Si & O plus 1 or more metallic minerals All silicates are made of four O atoms packed closely around a Si atom. Held together by covalent bonds between the Si and O atoms. Silica Tetrahedron

16. Crystal Lab part #1 Hand out is needed follow directions precisely. 75 ml of water, 20g of Copper sulfate.

17. Name the three subatomic particles. • Gravity’s affect on an object is termed: ___ • What does an elements atomic # tell us about the element? • What type of bond is formed through shared electrons? • Where are electrons found in terms of an atom? • What does an elements atomic mass tell us about the element? • What type of bond is formed through transferred electrons? • _____________ is two or more elements chemically bonded together. • How many atoms are in the following: (C0)₂H₃ 10. How many different elements are in the following: KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 11. _______________ is anything that takes up space & contains mass. 12. Name one of the two ways crystals can form naturally? E.C. Name a common mineral example.

18. Crystal lab

19. Everyday is a Holiday • National Carrot Day!

20. III. Identifying Minerals “More About Minerals!”

21. A. Rock-forming Minerals 1. The study of minerals and their properties is called MINERALOGY.

22. 2. Examples: a. Quartz- hardest common mineral #7

23. b. Hornblende- very dense mineral

24. c. Feldspar- fleshly pink

25. d. Mica-dark, pearly color & flakes in sheets

26. e. Calcite-works as a natural cement &effervesces

27. f.Olivine- olive green color

28. Earth Science Bellringer • GO re-sketch & measure your “low evaporation” crystals in your CRYSTAL LAB.

29. Journal #3 (2/4/13) Summary: List the 5 mineral characteristics. Name three NON minerals & describe why they are not considered a mineral.

30. B. Mineral Identification • Color- easy, but the least useful • Luster- the way the mineral shines in the light. • Metallic- shines like a polished metal • Nonmetallic- no metal shine Ex. Glassy, pearly, oily, earthy, dull, waxy

31. 3. Mineral tests: a. streak- color of a minerals powder, rubbing mineral on white tile b. cleavage- mineral tendency to spilt along flat surfaces. c. fracture- mineral breaks along surfaces that are NOT flat.

33. Fracture

34. Ex. Halite has 3 planes of cleavage.

35. d. Hardness- resistance to being scratched. 1.) Moh’s Scale

37. d. Hardness- resistance to being scratched. 1.) Moh’s Scale e. Specific gravity- ratio of mineral weight to weight of an equal volume of water. 1.) How dense a mineral is compared to water.

38. f. Acid test- cold, weak HCl drop, look for a FIZZZZZ

39. 5. Other special properties- a. magnetic b. Fluorescence- glow under UV light 1.) continue to glow after UV light is taken away = phosphorescent

42. 5. Other special properties- a. magnetic b. Fluorescence- glow under UV light 1.) continue to glow after UV light is taken away = phosphorescent c. Double refraction- bends light to form double image

45. Mineral Review • The study of minerals is termed? -MINERALOGY 2. What scale do we use for HARDNESS? -MOH’S 3. The least hard material can be scratched by what? - finger nail 4. Name a special property of a mineral -magnetic, fluorescent, double refraction 5. What mineral property if the least useful? -color 6. What are the most common rock forming elements?

46. Mineral Identification Lab Guidelines • Create a data table (on your own paper). -Table must include: mineral #, color, streak, cleavage/fracture, hardness, luster, special properties, & mineral name • Complete Analysis & Conclusions pg. 59, Review, Interpret and Apply & Critical Thinking pg. 61 (On separate sheet)

48. Analysis & Conclusion Questions(IN YOUR COMP BOOK W/ Mineral ID LAB) • Name the seven properties that are used to identify minerals. • What color is biotite? List two other properties that are useful in identifying biotite? • What other mineral in your lab is similar to biotite? How does its color compare to biotite? • Explain why the feel of talc & gypsum can be used to distinguish between the minerals? • What is the difference between fracture & cleavage? • What are the three most useful properties for the identification of calcite? • Amber is a precious material used in jewelry. It forms when the resin of pine trees hardens into stone. Is amber a mineral? EXPLAIN. • What are the differences between Organic vs. Inorganic molecules? • What is the relationship between compounds, atoms, rocks and minerals?

49. #2: Intro to Rocks Video Questions PART 1 1. All of the rocks in the world used to be _________________ rock called molten rock. 2. The pits in the rock were formed by ________________________ in liquid rock that came out of a volcano. 3. When rocks come out of the volcano onto the earth, they can PUSH/PULL the older rocks. 4. Soil comes from ____________ which comes from _____________________. 5. What are the 3 types of rocks & how do they form?

50. Part 2 6. Every rock you see used to be THE SAME/DIFFERENT. 7. Rocks are always changing, and are part of something we call the _________________________. 8. The reason why we have volcanoes is because there are plates of rock called _______________ plates, and they are always moving. 9. The rock cycle has been going on for _____________________ and ____________________ of years. 10. Name 3 ways rocks can be broken down: 11. Does soil have layers? YES/NO 12. As you go through the different layers, the color of soil becomes LIGHTER/DARKER