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Earth Science

Earth Science. Chapter 2 Weathering & Soil. Minerals & Rocks. Rocks are made up of Minerals. Minerals are: Naturally occurring Inorganic Solid Definite chemical composition Specific Crystalline shape. 3 Types of Rocks. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic. The Rock Cycle.

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Earth Science

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  1. Earth Science Chapter 2 Weathering & Soil

  2. Minerals & Rocks • Rocks are made up of Minerals. • Minerals are: • Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Solid • Definite chemical composition • Specific Crystalline shape

  3. 3 Types of Rocks • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic The Rock Cycle

  4. The Rock Cycle

  5. Igneous Rocks – cooled molten material • Intrusive – molten material cooled beneath the Earth’s surface • Slow cooling • Large crystals • Granite • Extrusive – molten rock cooled on Earth surface • Rapid cooling • Small or no crystals • Obsidian, basalt

  6. Sedimentary – broken pieces from erosion & weathering • Formed from sediments being compacted, cemented or precipitated from solutions • Sandstone, limestone, conglomerate

  7. Metamorphic – heat & pressure formed • Foliated & nonfoliated • Foliated – layered • “cooked” in Earth’s interior • Can change igneous, sedimentary or even previously formed metamorphic rocks • (igneous) Granite Gneiss (foliated) • (sedimentary) limestone marble (nonfoliated)

  8. Metamorphic Rock

  9. Weathering • The breaking of rock into smaller & smaller pieces • Mechanical – wind, freezing, abrasion, release of pressure, plant & animal actions • Chemical – water dissolves, oxidation (rusting), plants secrete acid, pollution (acid rain) • Affected by the surface area of the rock exposed to the weathering process

  10. Mechanical Weathering

  11. Chemical Weathering • Alters the chemical makeup of the rock • Oxidation – “rusting”; oxygen reacts • Hydrolysis – dissolving minerals • Carbonic acid –”acid rain – extra CO2 in atmosphere mixes w/ H2O to form a weak acid. • Plants – secrete weak acids to break down rock.

  12. Soil Formation • Soilis the loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow. It is a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organics (humus) , air & water. • Bedrockis the solid layer of rock beneath the soil. • Soil forms as bedrock is weathered & mixes w/ organics & materials. • As soils form, it develops “layers” called horizons. Each horizon is named w/ letters (O, A, B & C) down to the bedrock. • Soil texture determined by the size of the particles making up the soil.

  13. Soil Textures: Sand, Silt & Clay • Gravel: > 2 mm • Sand: .05 -2.0 mm • Silt: .002 - .05 mm • Clay: < .002 mm Soil w/ equal parts of sand, silt and clay is called a “loam”

  14. Soil Horizons • Soil Horizon Names and Descriptions:O: Decaying plants on or near surfaceA: Top Soil, Organic RichB: Subsoil, Most Diverse Horizon and the Horizon with the most sub classificationsC: Weathered/aged parent material

  15. Life in the Soil

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