Writing an Introduction

1. Writing an Introduction By: K. Barzegar PhD s. in TEFL Azar, 1392

2. What key skills are needed when writing an Introduction?-The Introduction presents the background knowledge that readers need so that theycan appreciate how the findings of the paper are an advance on current knowledgein the field. -A key skill is to be able to say the same things that have been said many times before but in a different, interesting, intriguing way.

3. -You have to give the reader the tools for understanding the meaning and motivationof your experiments.-Tell your readers how you plan to develop your topic. Give them a roadmap to follow.- Show them what your line of argument is.You need to have a deep knowledge about everything that has been previously written on the topic and decide what is important for the reader to know.

4. Typical complaints of referees-The Introduction occupies too high a proportion of the entire paper and contains too many general statements that are already widely known. -The rationale and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized - It is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why theychose their particular methodology.

5. -Much of the initial part is essentially a cut andpaste from the Abstract.-The author has not related the background information to the objective of the paper.-Also, there is no mention of what the reader can expect in the rest of the paper (i.e. main results and conclusions) and how this information will be structured (i.e. into the various sections).-Please remember that the paper may be read by inexperienced Ph.D. students or others starting their work in your specific field.

6. How should I structure the Introduction?An Introduction generally answers the following questions. You can use the answers to these questions to structure your Introduction.• What is the problem?• Are there any existing solutions (i.e. in the literature)?• Which solution is the best?• What is its main limitation? (i.e. What gap am I hoping to fill?)• What do I hope to achieve?• Have I achieved what I set out to do?

7. How should I begin my Introduction?-You could begin with one or more of the first four parts listed below.

9. How should I structure the rest of the Introduction?

10. What typical phrases should I avoid in my Introduction?-Referees have to read a lot of papers. While this can be a very rewarding task, it can also be quite tedious when many Abstracts and Introductions seem to begin in the same way. -Thus, some writing experts advise avoiding stock phrases (i.e. typical phrases that everyone uses) at the beginning of the introduction. For example:Recent advances in ... The last few years have seen ... Instead they recommended beginning in a more direct way.

11. What tenses should I use?-The present simple is generally used to begin the Introduction in order to describe the general background context, i.e. what is known already.S1. The physical process of fragmentation is relevant to several areas of science and technology.S2. Persistence is an attribute valued by many.

12. -The present perfect is then used to show how the problem has been approached from the past until the present day.S3. Because different physical phenomena are at work during the fragmentation of a solid body, it has mainly been studied from a statistical viewpoint [1–5].S4. Persistence has most often been studied in terms of cultural differences.-During the review of the literature several tenses are used.

13. At the end of the Introduction, the present simple is used again when the authors state what they will do in the rest of their paper (we explain, I hypothesize).S5. In this Letter, we explain this multiple failure process and point out a general mechanism of cascading failure in rods: a breaking event induces strong flexural waves which trigger other breakings, leading to an avalanche like process.S6. Because of these findings, I hypothesize that subjects with internal attribution styles (as measured by the APCSS), higher levels of perfectionism, and any form of feedback will show greater task persistence.

14. Summary: How can I assess the qualityof my Introduction?To make a self-assessment of your Introduction, you can ask yourself the following questions.-Is my research question clear?-Does my Introduction act as a clear road map for understanding my paper?-Is it sufficiently different from the Abstract, without any cut and pastes? (someoverlap is fine)

15. -Have I mentioned only what my readers specifically need to know and what I will subsequently refer to in the Discussion?-Have I been as concise as possible?-Have I used tenses correctly? present simple (general background context, description of what will be done in the paper), present perfect (past to present solutions), past simple (my contribution, though this may also be expressed using the present simple or future simple).

16. Wish You Best Luck!