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ROMA IN TURKEY

ROMA IN TURKEY. European policy and practice towards ethnic minorities Özlem Alioğlu Öznur Küçüker Volkan Şeysane. “ Çingene bizzat bahardır” (Tchingene are the spring themselves) Ahmet Haşim (1885-1933) A famous Turkish poet. Before the Re pub lic The System of Ottoman Empire.

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ROMA IN TURKEY

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  1. ROMA IN TURKEY European policy and practice towards ethnic minorities Özlem Alioğlu Öznur Küçüker Volkan Şeysane

  2. “Çingene bizzat bahardır”(Tchingene are the spring themselves)Ahmet Haşim(1885-1933)A famous Turkish poet

  3. Before the RepublicThe System of Ottoman Empire “MILLET SYSTEM” (or Millet Theory) Generally, Ottoman Empire Community was divided into 2 categories on religious basis. According to the Millet Theory: • Muslim Community – “Müslim”: Arabs,Turks, Kurds, Caucasians, Iranians and others • Non-muslim Community- “Gayr-i Müslim”: Armenians, Orthodox, Catholics and Jewishs • Romani Community which stayed in Balkans had their autonomous administration as well. “Kıpti Milleti (Kıpti Community)”

  4. After The Republic-1923 • Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution: “Everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk.” • 3 officially recognizedethnic minorities in Laussane Treaty: Orthodox Greeks, Armenians, Jewishs • Consequently, ethnic groups which are muslims but not originally Turkish did not have any cultural, linguistic and political rights untill the “EU” reform process in 2000s. • So Romani Community is not recognized as an ethnic minority in Turkey officially.

  5. Who are “Tchingene”? • Tchingene (Çingene in Turkish): Roma • Indo-European origins • No commonly accepted definition of who Roma is • 3 origins of Roma: Kaldera, Gitano and Manushs. • The Roma in Turkey :“Kaldera” clan • Most of the Roma came to Turkey from Balkans over Greece and Bulgaria during the World War I. Number of population • The estimated number of population of Tchingene: • In the world: 3-4 millions • In Turkey: 500.000 but according to the NGOs’ statistics: around 1.000.000 Habitation • They reside not only in the biggest cities of Turkey but also in rural areas.

  6. PLAN • The social situation of Roma • The cultural situation of Roma • The economic situation of Roma

  7. I) The social situation of Roma • Housing: A common life but not really ghetto Main problem:The project of urban development • Political Representation No political Romani party No active participation in political scene But a Romani Prime Minister: PhDr. Nihat Erim • NGOs “Romani Solidarity and Public Spirit Association”(1996) Good effects of EU process: associations • Education 80%: Primary school 30%: illiterate

  8. II) The cultural situation of Roma • Religion: Islam • Language: Turkish but with a special accent • Music Some famous Gypsy instruments: Darbuka, saz Famous belly-dances, paticularly in Sulukule Specific music and dances: “Roman Havası” • Traditions Some rites in the rituals of blessing, wedding, and burial Cheerful people who like colorful clothes, golden jeweleries and flowers • Problems: Problem of “integration”: Sometimes an isolated population • However... Gypsy traditions: an important part of the Turkish culture Some TV series based on Gypsy lifestyle: (ex: Cennet mahallesi) Some songs about Gypsies Gypsy traditions, dances and music in Turkish traditional weddings

  9. III) The economic situation of Roma Occupation: Low-level workers(carpenter, florist,hawker,etc.) 56.9% Worker (public-private) 7.7 % Officials 2.2% Retiree 22.2% House-wife 23.2% The main economic problems are: • Unemployment • Illegal working (working without insurance) • Lack of the marketable skills necessary to find jobs among the Roma in Turkey. • By participating in culture-turism in Turkey, Romani integration into the society is improving day by day.

  10. Some famous Roma...

  11. It is possible to meet well-integrated Roma in Turkey. Is there a similar example in the other countries in the world? Is there another country except Turkey which had a Romani Prime Minister?

  12. Resources • “Turkish Authorities Destroy Romani Neighbourhoods for Urban Development”http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2702&archiv=1 • “Issues Brief: Roma Rights in Turkey”http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2254&archiv=1 • Kolukırık, Suat, “Romani People in Workin Life” http://www.cingene.org • Oran, Baskın, Minorities in Turkey, Istanbul, TESEV, 2004. • http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingene

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