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Lessons from Turkey

Integrated Approaches to Land and Water Management. Lessons from Turkey. Global Perspectives on Watershed Management. First generation (1970s and 80s): top down, engineered solutions, little consultation

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Lessons from Turkey

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  1. Integrated Approaches to Land and Water Management Lessons from Turkey

  2. Global Perspectives onWatershed Management • First generation (1970s and 80s): top down, engineered solutions, little consultation • Second generation (1990s): community participation, local involvement, working from menus of options …. What’s the next generation?

  3. Experience in Turkey Eastern Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project, now closed, was a classic second generation project which had significant positive impacts.

  4. Poverty and Forests in Turkey

  5. Second project (Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project) was a second generation ‘plus’ project ….. What was the ‘plus’?

  6. Significant differences from the previous project • 1. Institutions: widened involvement of public sector institutions (MEF and MARA: TÜGEM,OGM, ORKÖY, KKGM, AGM, SPAs, and CYGM)

  7. Significant differences from the previous project • 2. Very strong focus on service delivery: to poor communities in upland catchments

  8. Significant differences from the previous project • 3. Linkages: between upstream and downstream interests • Upstream interests: jobs, income generation, access to resources (forests, pastures, irrigation) [High poverty rates]

  9. Significant differences from the previous project • 3. Linkages: between upstream and downstream interests • Downstream interests: livestock improvement, manure management, crop productivity [Lower poverty rates]

  10. Adding to the menu of options • Capitalizing on local interests in animal health and hygiene • Introducing integrating manure management systems which return compost to crops/pastures • Reducing and controlling water pollution into the Black Sea • Reducing nitrate levels in groundwater

  11. Manure management measures

  12. Some lessons • Centrality of community institutions in decision making • Organizing multiple government institutions to focus on service delivery in poor communities (convening power of the Bank) • Impact of introducing marginal technical improvements for managing manure • Animal hygiene • Local hygiene • Nitrate pollution reduction • Access to composted manure

  13. What about climate change? • Warming is already evident (3ºC over last 50 years in western Mediterranean) • Winter precipitation since 1950 has decreased by about 20 percent • Projected impacts on Turkey of global 2ºC temperature rise include: • changes in seasonal rainfall • more dry days per year • outcome will have impacts on agriculture

  14. Changes in seasonal rainfall

  15. Increase in the number of dry days

  16. The challenges • Scaling up: 65 percent of total rural land is degraded. Current operation is a ‘micro-pilot,’ covering 28 microcatchments. As many as 2000 could use similar treatment • Poor understanding of impacts on hydrology – increasingly critical to have this understanding as climate change impacts are felt • Medium term challenge of mitigating climate change impacts

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