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Families in Transition

Families in Transition. Instructor: Ting Kwok Fai. Family in transitions. What is family? Traditional Chinese families Macro causes of change Trends in Hong Kong. What is family?. Defining family Marriage as a social institution Family as a social organization

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Families in Transition

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  1. Families in Transition Instructor: Ting Kwok Fai

  2. Family in transitions • What is family? • Traditional Chinese families • Macro causes of change • Trends in Hong Kong

  3. What is family? • Defining family • Marriage as a social institution • Family as a social organization • Consequences of marriage: costs & benefits

  4. Traditional Chinese families • Blood ties • Chinese: Father-son relationship (vertical axis) • Western societies: Husband-wife relationship (horizontal axis) • Harmony • Strong leadership: Patriarchal society • Division of labor • By age • By sex

  5. Gender preferences if respondents have 3 children (in %) 60 50 Don’t care 40 30 More boys Both sex OK 20 More girls 10 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 Source: Report on the Survey of Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude & Practice in Hong Kong, 1997

  6. The preference for sons in Hong Kong

  7. Division of domestic labor in Hong Kong, 1996 Source: Social change and life history in Hong Kong Scores from -2 (husband) to +2 (wife)

  8. Macro causes of change • The longevity revolution • Trends • Infants are more likely to survive adulthood • Lower fertility rates create smaller family sizes • Effects: Redefine family life • Strengthen emotional bonds between parents & children (child-centered family) • Lengthen the duration of marriage • Create “new” life stages: childhood, adolescence, empty-nest

  9. Industrial Revolution • Separation between private & public spheres • Families as emotional organization • The subtle revolution • Female labor force participation

  10. 100 Male 90 80 Female 20-24 70 Female 25-34 Female 35-44 60 50 Female 40 30 Female 15-19 20 10 1961 1971 1981 1991 1998 • Female labor force participation rate in HK

  11. Married women’s labor force participation rates 65 60 Age 25-34 55 50 45 All women 40 1981 1986 1991 1996 • Percent of dual working families in Hong Kong

  12. Trends in Hong Kong • Dating • Marriage • Divorce • Remarriage • Parenthood

  13. Dating

  14. Source: Report of the Youth Sexuality Study 1996 • Sexual revolution: Premarital sex in Hong Kong • 24% female & 26% male (age 18-27) in 1991 • 31% female & 31% male (age 18-27) in 1996 • Social approval

  15. Cohabitation in Hong Kong Source: Report of the Youth Sexuality Study 1996 The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong

  16. Mate selection Ideal marriage partner (Hong Kong)

  17. Marriage • Late marriage began 20 years ago for men, but 10 years earlier for women • Most people eventually married

  18. Median age at first marriage in Hong Kong 31 30 29 Male 28 27 Age 26 Female 25 24 23 22 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year Source: Demographic Trends in Hong Kong, 1971-82 & 1981-1996

  19. Source: Various years reported in the Census, Hong Kong • Most people eventually married

  20. Percentage of ever-married males, 1981 100 Secondary/Matriculation Primary 80 No schooling/Kindergarten 60 Percent 40 20 Tertiary 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50+ Age group Source: Hong Kong 1981 Census Main Report, vol. 1

  21. Percentage of ever-married females, 1981 100 No schooling/Kindergarten 90 80 70 Primary 60 50 Percent Secondary/Matriculation 40 30 20 10 Teritary 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50+ Age group Source: Hong Kong 1981 Census Main Report, vol. 1

  22. Percent brides older than bridegrooms at first marriage 18 16 14 Percent 12 10 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year Source: Demographic Trends in Hong Kong, 1971-82 & 1981-1996

  23. United States Hong Kong • Divorce

  24. Remarriage Male Female

  25. Male Female Note: The denominator include separated persons

  26. Median interval from marriage to 1st birth 28 26 24 22 Months 20 18 16 14 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 • Parenthood • Delaying childbirth

  27. The expected # of births to a woman 6 5 Singapore 4 USA 3 Hong Kong UK 2 Japan 1 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Source: World Development Indicator, World Bank • Fewer births

  28. Age specific fertility rates by birth cohorts 400 350 1931 300 250 1941 # of births per 1000 women 200 1951 150 100 1961 50 0 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 • Distribution of births by age

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