Penn State Solar Decathlon Projects for ED&G 100

1. Penn State Solar DecathlonProjects for ED&G 100 Presented by Andy Lau Associate Professor of Engineering Solar Decathlon Faculty Team

2. Putting it in perspective I = PAT Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology = • By 2050: ↑ 1.5x • ↑ 3-5x •  ↓4.5-7.5x Right now, it is estimated that Impact exceeds Earth’s sustainable capacity by ~20%, T ↓5-9x

3. PSU’s Morning Star Home • See www.engr.psu.edu/cfs for project info • What’s a Decathlon about it? • Architecture — 200 points • Dwelling — 100 points • Documentation — 100 points • Communications — 100 points • Comfort Zone — 100 points • Appliances — 100 points • Hot Water — 100 points • Lighting — 100 points • Energy Balance — 100 points • Getting Around — 100 points University of Missouri - Rolla

4. Overall Objectives • Solar-powered: All energy needs of the house provided by the sun. • Energy efficient: Provides desired services with minimal energy input. • Energy harvesting: Maximum use of energy scavenged from systems in the house. • Sustainable design: All components and systems meet the home’s needs without burdening future generations. • Cost Effective: Use technologies and a design that minimizes initial and lifecycle costs of the projected average homeowner in the year 2015 assuming a $0.10/kWh levelized energy cost.

5. What’s the Solar Resource?

6. Seasonal Averages http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/redbook/sum2/state.html

7. Estimating PV Output • PV’s rated in power output when illuminated with 1,000 W/m2 of sunlight • Output varies in direct proportion to sunlight intensity • Therefore, power output is estimated using average solar radiation energy data and converting it into equivalent hours at a power of 1,000 W/m2

8. Estimating PV Output • Long-term output is estimated by taking the average hours/day at peak output (e.g. 4.2 for Jan) and multiplying by the rated peak output: • For example, suppose your PV array is rated at 7.5 kWp • Then for a day in January, you’d expect • 7.5 kWp(4.2 hr/day)=31.5 kwh/day • For the month: 31.5 kwh/day (31 day/mo)=945 kwh/mo • This reflects the DC output and does not include other losses in the system.

9. Project: Building Integrated PV • BIPV means combining PV electricity production within the “skin” of the building • PV comes in three basic types: • a-Si: amorphous silicon, or thin-film (shown in photos at right) • Can be applied to glass and allow light to pass through • Can be put on flexible films • Least efficient, ~5-7% • p-Si: polycrystalline silicon • Not flexible – rigid & brittle cells • Mid-efficiency, ~10-12% • c-Si: crystalline silicon • Inflexible, like p-Si • Highest efficiency, ~13-18% BP Solar’s PowerView PV Laminate

10. BIPV on Roofs Considerations for mounting rooftop PV system: • Module physical and electrical characteristics 2. Array thermal and electrical performance 3. Array orientation, location and site conditions 4. Roofing and structural-related issues 5. Building thermal performance 6. Weather sealing 7. Electrical integration 8. Installation, labor, and maintenance 9. Materials and environmental compatibility 10. Aesthetics and architectural integration 11. Economic factors and costs Solar Integrated Technology’s Solar Roofing Source: Barkaszi and Dunlop, Discussion Of Strategies For Mounting Photovoltaic Arrays On Rooftops, Solar Forum 2001.

11. Steps in designing a BIPV system • Reduce energy requirements of the building. • Provide adequate ventilation • Evaluate using hybrid PV-solar thermal systems • Consider integrating daylighting and photovoltaic collection • Incorporate PV modules into shading devices • Design for the local climate and environment • Address site planning and orientation issues • Consider array orientation • Adapted from http://www.wbdg.org/design/bipv.php Uni-Solar’s solar shingles Uni-Solar’s thin film PV integrated into metal roofing

12. BIPV Challenges • Solar D house needs lots of power, c-Si or p-Si is needed • c-Si & p-Si panels work better when cooler, opportunity to scavenge heat • Individual cells or modules can be integrated with windows (wires?) • Shadows are bad Lose ~0.5% per oC

13. Off-grid PV System • In DC, the Morning Star home will be off-grid • Needs to supply 100% of building loads, including electric vehicle recharging

14. Grid-tied PV System • Back at the CfS, the home will be grid-tied • If excess PV power is available it is put into the grid • When PV power is less than loads, electricity is taken from the grid

15. Grid-tied PV with Batteries • Provides power during utility outages.

16. Project: MorningStar Bathroom Design a bathroom that … • Provides all of the amenities that a homeowner expects. • Meets all requirements of the Uniform Building Code. • Incorporates sustainable materials. • Uses minimal energy and water to operate the system. • Reclaims as much energy and resources as possible before they leave the house envelope. Deliverables: • Physical scale model (1”=1’) • Solid CAD model • Thorough analysis of the operation and material and energy balances, and • A complete description of the design and its development.

17. The Home Bathroom: Focus on function / services Fresh air / light Light Beauty? Storage Shower Toilet Sink Bathtub

18. Relevant SD Requirements CC7.2 Water Closet Demonstration • Water closets (W.C.) are installed for demonstration only and shall not be connected to any portion of the gray water disposal system. The W.C. shall be attached to a PVC or ABS 4-in. (10.2 cm) to 3-in. (7.62 cm) water-closet flange provided with a capped end. The cap shall be located as close as possible to the flange fitting. No structural member shall be cut or otherwise damaged to accommodate the W.C. flange assembly. CC7.4 Shower Mixing Valves • Shower mixing valves shall be pressure balanced, thermostatic mixing, or a combination of the two, with the high limit set at 120°F (48.9°C) to prevent scalding. (IRC, Sec. P2802.3 and P2708.3) CC5.4 Bathroom Ventilation • Bathrooms shall be provided with mechanical ventilation systems capable of providing 50 cfm (23.6 L/s) for intermittent ventilation or 20 cfm (9.4 L/s) for continuous ventilation, or provide windows allowing 1.5 ft2 (0.139 m2) opening for natural ventilation. (IRC, Sec. R303.3)

19. Relevant SD Requirements Shower Tests (75 pts): • Each day during the Contest Week, two “shower tests” will be performed. There will be one shower test in the morning and one in the afternoon, for a total of 10 shower tests during the Contest Week. Teams may earn up to 7.5 points for each successful shower test. For each test, the team must deliver at least 15 gallons (U.S.) (56.8 liters) of hot water in no more than 10 minutes to qualify for points. Maximum points are earned by delivering an average temperature of at least 110oF (43.3 oC). An average temperature below 100oF (37.8 oC) earns no points. For temperatures between 100oF (37.8 oC) and 110oF (43.3 oC), the number of points is scaled linearly, as shown in the graph below.

20. Energy and Materials Entering and Leaving the Bathroom Electricity Warm, humid air Hot water Daylight Heating/cooling Water Waste Water Makeup air

21. Energy and Materials Leaving the Bathroom A Closer Look Warm, humid air GW BW GW GW BW

22. Energy Entering the Bathroom A Bigger Look Photovoltaic Array Water heater Heat Pump Electricity Supply

23. Energy & Materials Leaving the Bathroom A Bigger Look Warm, humid air GW BW GW GW Warm, black water

24. The Bathroom – A Much Bigger Look CO2 SOx NOx Power Plant Chemicals Chemicals Electricity Reservoir Water Plant Sewage Plant Fresh water Black water

25. Coal Mining in West Virginia: Mountaintop Removal

26. How far will we go to fuel our energy addiction?

27. A Systematic Approach • Identify services/functions • Identify & characterize subsystems • Consider how to minimize loads • Consider how to reclaim energy & materials • Consider how to use natural principles and sustainable materials • Analyze performance of concepts • Consider the bigger pictures

28. Questions ?