Civil Rights Movement Takes a New Turn

1. Civil Rights Movement Takes a New Turn Chapter 21, Section 5

2. NAACP SCLC Boyton v. Virginia SNCC Brown v. Board of Education CORE Thurgood Marshall nonviolent resistance Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. legal action Medger Evers Early Civil Rights Movement Examples of tactics, organizations, leaders, and Supreme Court decisions of the civil rights movement up to 1960 Supreme Court Decisions Organizations Challenging Segregation Tactics Leaders

3. The Triumphs of a Crusade Steps that African Americans took to desegregate buses and schools from 1962 to 1965. Voting Rights Act passed and 24th Amendment ratified 1965 1964 Johnson signs Civil Rights Act. 1963 • Protests, boycotts, and media coverage force Birmingham to end segregation. • Kennedy orders troops to desegregate the University of Alabama. • March on Washington takes place. 1962 A federal court case allows James Meredith to enroll in the University of Mississippi.

4. African American Anger • James Baldwin • A gifted writer in his book, Notes of a Native Son and The Fire Next Time, he wrote about the damaging effects of segregation

5. Impact of Segregation • De jure segregation – rigid pattern of separation dictated by law • De facto segregation – separation that resulted from the ghetto conditions in many northern cities not by law • Baldwin argued that because of segregation: • African Americans were becoming independent • African American anger was ready to erupt

6. Malcolm XBackground • Born in 1925 • Father was a Marcus Garvey fan • Grew up during the Great Depression/turns to crime • While in prison for attempted burglary Malcolm studied about the Nation of Islam • When he was released in 1952 he converted to Islam & changed his name to Malcolm X

7. Elijah Muhammad & Self-Sufficiency • The leader of the Nation of Islam • Believed in black nationalism. • Did not believe in seeking political change. • Taught that Allah (the Muslim name for God) would bring about a “Black Nation,” a union among all nonwhite peoples. • Meanwhile, he thought that blacks should lead righteous lives and work to become economically self-sufficient.

8. Muhammad Ali converted to the Nation of Islam in 1965, under leader Elijah Muhammad.

9. Malcolm X – Black Nationalism • Malcolm’s beliefs • Preached black nationalism, that African Americans must be a strong, unified, and separate community. • White society was perceived as the enemy. • Malcolm X disagreed with the goals and strategies of the early civil rights movement. • “all of this non-violent, begging-the-white-man kind of dying” • Believed blacks shouldn’t integrate but form a separate, self-reliant society and economy.

10. Malcolm X: Mecca • As an Islamic pilgrimage, Malcolm X traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 1964. • Seeing millions of interracial Muslims worshiping peacefully together completely transformed him. • Changed his hatred toward whites and separatist views.

11. Malcolm X Assassinated • When he returned, he appeared ready to work with other civil rights leaders and white Americans. • His radical transformation created enemies with his former friends. • In 1965, just nine months after returning, he was shot to death in NY by members of the Nation of Islam.

12. Black Power RagesSNCC Shifts Gears • Stokely Carmichael, born in Trinidad, came to the U.S. and became involved in the SNCC. • Grew tired of nonviolence and arrests • He believed in the idea of Black Power • Blacks need to unite as one • Blacks need to build a sense of community • Blacks need to stand up and fight for freedom • Carry guns for self-defense “The only way we gonna stop them white men from whippin’ us is to take over. We been saying freedom for six years- and we ain’t got nothin’. What we gonna start saying now is ‘black power!’” –Carmichael

13. Black Panther Party - 1966 • The Black Power movement turned into a new organization called the Black Panther Party led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Blacks need to lead their own communities • Blacks need to demand the federal gov’t rebuild the nation • They believed in the idea that “Power flows from the barrel of a gun” Mao Zedong • They believed in protecting each other and standing up for their own people even against the cops

19. Riots in the Streets • In 1964 riots ravaged major cities such as New York and Los Angeles • The worst riot was the Watts Riot on August 11, 1965 • Police pulled over a black man that was drunk driving • When he resisted arrest one of the cops started beating him with his riot stick • This action set of six days of riots in the Watts ghetto • They burned cars and businesses • Vandalized businesses and stole merchandise • Shot at fire fighters as they came to put out fires • 34 people died / 1,000 were injured

21. MLK Assassinated April 4, 1968 • In 1968, King was campaigning for his movement to help reduce poverty in Memphis, Tennessee. • Gave “Mountain Top” speech • Next day, shot while standing on hotel balcony by James Earl Ray

22. Response • The nations was devastated by King’s assassination. • President Johnson order flags to half mast. • Frustrated, many African Americans believed King’s death meant the death to nonviolent change. • Riots broke out throughout the country.

23. Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated • Robert F. Kennedy was a major civil rights supporter. • Served as Attorney General for brother, JFK. • Robert was running for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968, and winning, when assassinated.

24. RFK Assassinated June 5, 1968 • Robert F. Kennedy lying wounded on the floor immediately after the shooting. • Kneeling beside him is 17-year-old Juan Romero, who was shaking Kennedy's hand when SirhanSirhan fired the shots.

25. Legacy of the Movement • The death of MLK and Bobby Kennedy caused many to question if true progress was made during the movement. • Even today, racial, economic, and social divisions remain both nationally and globally. • However, the civil rights movement succeeded in ending the legal discrimination of African Americans in the U.S., and in raising awareness of race issues in our world. • Protest methods are used in other protest (Anti-war, Women’s Lib)