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Nutrition

Nutrition . Chapter 49-1 and Chapter 3. Unit 2 Lecture 4. Topic: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Nutrition Covers: Chapter 3, pages 52 – 54 Chapter 49, page 977. All compounds can be classified in two broad 
categories: ORGANIC and INORGANIC compounds . Organic C ompounds

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Nutrition

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  1. Nutrition Chapter 49-1 and Chapter 3

  2. Unit 2Lecture 4 • Topic: • Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Nutrition • Covers: • Chapter 3, pages 52 – 54 • Chapter 49, page 977

  3. All compounds can be classified in two broad 
categories: ORGANIC and INORGANIC compounds. • Organic Compounds • Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • The chemistry of carbon is considered to be “The chemistry of life”. • In organic compounds, carbon atom is usually bonded to another carbon, hydrogen or oxygen • Carbon is the “backbone” of organic compounds

  4. Carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds in all directions • Can form many different shaped molecules – straight chain, branched chain, rings, etc • NOTE: Bond represented by a line connectingCarbon to anotherelement

  5. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES • MONOMER- a single organic molecule • Example: Glucose (blood sugar) • POLYMER- two or more monomers together • Example: Sucrose • MACROMOLECULE- large organic molecule, made up of many polymers • Examples: Glycogen, Starch

  6. Six Basic Food Ingredients • All of the foods in the would contain at least one of six basic ingredients, also known as nutrients: • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water • Four of these nutrients are organic compounds • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins • Two of these nutrients are inorganic compounds • Minerals, water • These do not contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

  7. End of Lecture 4

  8. Unit 4Lecture 5 • Topics: • Carbohydrates and Lipids (Fats) • Covers: • Chapter 3, page 55 – 56 and 58 – 59 • Chapter 49, page 977 – 979

  9. Carbohydrates • Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Function: Gives the body a quick energy source • Easy for the body to break down carbs and convert into ATP • MONOSACCHARIDE • MONOMERof carbohydrate, aka Simple Sugar • EXAMPLES: • Glucose(blood sugar) • Fructose(found in fruits, sweetest) • Galactose(found in milk)

  10. Isomers – Molecules with same chemical formula but different structure

  11. DISACCHARIDE • 2 Monosaccharides combine to form a DISACCHARIDE, aka Double Sugar • EXAMPLE: • Sucrose(table sugar) = Fructose + Glucose • Maltose(malt sugar) = Glucose + Glucose • Lactose(milk sugar) = Glucose + Galactose

  12. POLYSACCHARIDE • Many Monosaccharides combine to form a POLYSACCHARIDE • EXAMPLES: • Glycogen- many molecules of glucose • How animals store glucose, good source of energy • Stored in our liver and muscles • Starch- many molecules of glucose • How plants store glucose • Cellulose- a form of starch, makes up the rigid cell wall • We cannot digest cellulose, but it does stimulate smooth muscle contractions within the digestive system

  13. Lipids • Lipids • Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen • Large molecules, long carbon “tail” • Function: • Used to build cell membranes, protect organs and provide insulation • Gives the body an energy storage • Lipids don't dissolve in water (NONPOLAR) • Carbs that aren't converted into ATP will be stored as lipids

  14. Lipids are necessary to all living organisms • Types of Lipids • 1. Saturated Fats • Can increase levels of bad cholesterol and blood cholesterol (bad) and decreases levels of good cholesterol • Saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temp • EXAMPLES: Butter, Animal fat, Lard, Shortening

  15. Types of Lipids • 2. Unsaturated Fats • Can decrease levels of bad cholesterol and blood cholesterol • Can increase levels of good cholesterol • Unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room temp. • EXAMPLES:Olive oil, Plant seeds and fruits

  16. Some Types of Lipids: • 3. Phospholipid • Make up the cell membrane • 4.Wax • Forms a waterproof, protective coating • Examples: ear wax, bees' wax, surface of plants

  17. End of Lecture 5

  18. Unit 4Lecture 6 • Topics: • Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water • Covers: • Chapter 3, pages 56 – 57 • Chapter 49, pages 977 – 982

  19. Proteins • Proteins • Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen • Functions/Types of Proteins: • Major source of structural material in the body • Make up skin and muscles of animals • Help body to grow and repair damaged tissue • Some types of proteins: hormones, insulin, antibodies, enzymes, hair, skin pigment

  20. Proteins • Proteins • Proteins are macromolecules • Made up of monomers known as AMINO ACIDS • 20 different kinds of amino acids • Every amino acid has the same basic structure EXCEPT for one part, known as the "R group” • Each amino acid has a different R group • Our body can't produce all 20 amino acids, although we need all 20 to function • We get these 8 (or 10 for children) essential amino acids from our diet

  21. ENZYMES • ENZYMESare proteins with a special job • Name of enzyme usually ends in –ase (Ex: Sucrase) • CATALYST- speed up the reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy • Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between the enzyme and the substrate

  22. ENZYMES • Enzyme and substrate have a specific form to allow them to fit together (like a lock and key) • After the reaction is complete, the enzyme’s original shape returns • This allows enzymes to be used numerous times

  23. Proteins • Proteins are very large molecules made up of a long chain of amino acids • Order and type of amino acids is different for each type of protein • This gives each type of protein a different shape • If the protein changes its form, it changes the function • EXAMPLES: • Egg whites,  Enzymes • The form of proteins can change because of temperature,  amino acid sequence, incorrect folding

  24. VITAMINS • Organic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living organisms • Function: work as coenzymes • Def: molecule that helps enzymes to be more efficient • Can be used many times, just like enzymes • This is why we only need a small amount of daily vitamins • Our body can't make most vitamins • Need to get vitamins from another source (food, supplements) • Vitamins can be water or fat soluble • If intake too many vitamins: • Water soluble - released in urine • Fat soluble - build up in body, can be fatal

  25. MINERALS • Inorganic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living organisms • Function: Provide necessary material needed for cells to function properly • Our body can't make minerals • Need to get minerals from another source (food, supplements)

  26. WATER • Inorganic molecule, nutrient, necessary to maintain life • Over half of your body weight is from water! • Function: • Regulate body temperature • Dissolves substances (salts, sugars, wastes) • Transportation of substances through cells and whole body • Need to intake as much water (or more) than we lose during the day • If losing too much water, cells won’t be able to function • Known as Dehydration

  27. End of Lecture 6

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