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War of 1812 2 nd War For Independence Mr. Madison’s War. Causes of War. British violation of treaties Still present in the NW Territory Supply Native Americans with weapons, etc Impressment continues. June 1807. U.S. ship Chesapeake fired upon by British ship Leopard
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Causes of War • British violation of treaties • Still present in the NW Territory • Supply Native Americans with weapons, etc • Impressment continues
June 1807 • U.S. ship Chesapeake fired upon by British ship Leopard • Refused to allow British to board the ship • 3 sailors killed, 18 wounded
Election of War Hawks to Congress • Henry Clay from Kentucky: • AKA “The Great Compromiser” • Represents western interests • John C. Calhoun from South Carolina: • Represents southern interests • Both Democratic-Republicans
Henry Clay John C. Calhoun
Opposition to War Hawks • All Federalists • Leader of the Federalists in Congress: • Daniel Webster of Massachusetts • Represented interests of New England
Battle of TippecanoeNovember 7, 1811 • Tecumseh, Shawnee leader • Opposed to expansion in Native American land • Attempts to form a confederacy of various tribes • Tenskwatawa AKA “The Prophet” • Brother of Tecumseh • HQ of confederacy “Prophetstown” located in Indiana Territory
Tenskwatawa Tecumseh
Tensions Increase • Governor Indiana Territory: • William Henry Harrison • Marches on Prophetstown with 1000 troops • Tecumseh leaves “The Prophet” in charge while recruiting more allies • Orders his brother to take no action • Not being a military leader, “The Prophet” attempts a surprise attack but is defeated
Effect of the Battle • Cause many to blame British for inciting Native American uprisings (War Hawks) • Many consider this 1st battle of the War of 1812 • Tecumseh remains allies to the British but later killed at the Battle of the Thames in Ontario • Ends threat of his confederacy to the U.S.
June 18, 1812 • War formally declared • No Federalists in Congress vote for the declaration of war • Neither side ready for war • England battling Napoleon • Unable to spare many troops for N. America
American Army • In 1812, consisted of less than 12,000 men • Madison believes state militias would easily seize Canada forcing negotiations • Militia’s unwilling to fight outside of state also lacked discipline • Congress authorizes expansion of army to 35,000 • Voluntary, poorly paid, lack of trained officers
Cont. • New England states refuse to supply militia units or give financial support • New England states were threatening succession due to the war
British Strategy • Blockade American coastline • Defend Canada
Key Battles • April 1813, Battle of York (Toronto) Provincial capital of Upper Canada • US victory which includes the burning down of the capital building • September 1813, Battle of Lake Erie AKA Battle of Put-in-Bay • US victory which includes capture of 6 British ships and ensures US control of Lake Erie
Oliver Hazard Perry Hero of Battle of Lake Erie Dies in 1819 after contracting yellow fever after visiting with Simon Bolivar regarding piracy in the Caribbean
Key Battles cont • By 1814, Napoleon abdicates and England begins invasion of U.S. • Aug 1814, British attack and occupy Washington, D.C. • White House and Capitol building destroyed
Key Battles cont • Sept 12-15, 1814 • Battle of Baltimore • U.S. forces hold off British attacks • Turning point of the war • Ft. McHenry: • Francis Scott Key • Star Spangled Banner
Key Battles cont. • Sept 6-11 1814 • Battle of Plattsburgh AKA Battle of Lake Champlain • U.S. victory marked the final invasion of northern states by the British
Treaty of Ghent • Signed December 24, 1814 • Basically restores relations to status quo ante bellum • The treaty released all prisoners • Returned to the United States were approximately 10,000,000 acres of territory, near Lakes Superior and Michigan, in Maine, and on the Pacific coast
Treaty of Ghent cont. • American-held areas of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) were returned to British control.
Battle of New Orleans January 8, 1815 • Due to slow methods of communication this is fought after signing of Treaty of Ghent • U.S. forces commanded by Andrew Jackson • Important victory for Jackson as it makes him a national hero
Hartford Convention • December 15, 1814-January 4, 1815 • New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 • Delegates from MA, CONN, RI, NH, and VT • Discussed proposing Const. amendments to look out for interests of New England • Discussed secession from the U.S. and negotiating treaty with England
Cont • Signing of the Treaty of Ghent disgraced the Federalist Party • Led to the disbandment of the party in most areas of the U.S.