Homework Take-Up

1. Homework Take-Up • Specialized Cell – Page 60 # 1, 2, 4, 5, 6

2. The Digestive System

3. Purpose of the Digestive System • Turning food into microscopic nutrients that can be absorbed through the intestinal lining • What is the toughest food that the human body might try to break down? • Fibre – made from plants (vegetables and grains)

4. How does food get broken down? • Mechanically • Mouth chews food to break it into smaller pieces • Stomach churns • Chemically • Liver produces bile to mix water and fat together for digestion • Gastric acid is produced by the cells of the stomach lining (it would burn your hand!)

5. Structure of the Digestive Tract • http://medtropolis.com/virtual-body/

6. The Importance of the Sphincter • Without a sphincter, the digestive track is really just a hole through your body • Sphincter – a ring of muscle that holds a biological opening closed • Over 50 different sphincters in the human body

7. Two Types of Sphincter’s • Voluntary - Controllable • Rectum – both voluntary and involuntary sphincter’s • Sphincter Urethrae - Urinary sphincter

8. 2 Types of Sphincter’s • Involuntary - Not in your control • Ileocecal valve – closes off the small intestine so that food that has not fully broken down may not pass • Sphincter pylori – Holds food in the stomach until it is thoroughly mixed with stomach acid

9. Olestra • Fat substitute used in the 1980’s • zero calories, zero grams of cholesterol and zero grams of fat • gastrointestinal symptoms — including diarrhea, loose stools, nausea, gas • Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining • “greasy, hard-to-wipe-off fecal matter” • anal leakage (leakage of liquid olestra through the anal sphincter).

10. My Roomate • He did not have an esophogeal sphincter • Always got heart burn (acid moving up from your stomach into your esophagus) • Had a muscle from his leg fashioned into a sphincter to prevent it

11. Demo • Digestion of Fat -

12. What’s wrong with me Doc? • Day 1: • Pain in stomach area • Answers: • Lot’s of fibre, good amount of veggies, not too much red meat • 2 days of on and off pain • Bowel movements – 1-2/day (regular)

13. What’s wrong with me Doc? • Day 2: • Answers:

14. The Circulatory System

15. Purpose of the Circulatory System • Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells • Transports waste and carbon dioxide away from cells

16. Getting Around the Body • The heart pumps blood through the body • It pumps blood to the lungs to exchange gases and comes back to the heart • The heart then pumps blood around the rest of the body to transport gases to the cells

17. Capillaries – Act as an exchange point for gases and nutrients • These happen in the: • Lungs • Intestines • Every single cell in the body

18. Structure of the Circulatory System • Video

19. Respiratory System

20. Purpose of the Respiratory System • To provide all cells in the human body with Oxygen and remove Carbon Dioxide produced as waste by each cell

21. Fact • You breathe 15 times per minutes and move 10,000L of air in and out of your lungs each day • With every breath, you breath in at least one particle of air that Gandhi breathed in when he was alive

22. Respiratory System Structure

23. Gas Exchange

24. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • When we breathe in Carbon monoxide, it takes the place of oxygen on the red blood cells • Since RBC’s cannot carry oxygen, the tissues in the human body start to malfunction • The brain relies on oxygen and is one of the first organs affected • You will feel nausea, head aches, loss of consciousness and more

25. Breathing • You breath without having to ask your body to do so • If you hold your breath too long, when you fall unconcious, your body will start to breathe again

26. Musculoskeletal System

27. Purpose • The musculoskeletal system supports the body, protects delicate organs and makes movement possible

28. Make your own note • Use Pages 99-101 to fill in the note