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Japanese Revolutions

Japanese Revolutions. Stephanie Hoang Jasmine Klar Younji Lee. The Meiji Restoration (1860-1868). The Meiji Restoration – Analysis of the Causes. The Meiji Restoration – Analysis of the Causes. Impact of Meiji Restoration. Impact of Meiji Restoration Continued.

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Japanese Revolutions

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  1. Japanese Revolutions Stephanie Hoang Jasmine Klar Younji Lee

  2. The Meiji Restoration (1860-1868)

  3. The Meiji Restoration – Analysis of the Causes

  4. The Meiji Restoration – Analysis of the Causes

  5. Impact of Meiji Restoration

  6. Impact of Meiji Restoration Continued

  7. Chronology of the Changes that Occurred 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry arrives with four warships and requests that Japan open its economy to foreign trade. 1854: Japan signs the Treaty of Amity – this opens the ports of Shimodo and Hakodate to foreign ships. Japan ends its policy of isolationism. 1857: The US Consul General and the Shogun make another trade treaty which includes more opening of Japanese ports and fixed trade tariffs. 1858: Although the Emperor refuses to ratify the treaty, the Shogun ratifies multiple treaties without his consent. This heightens disapproval and discontent with the Shogun’s exhibition of power. 1863: Choshu bombards British, French, and Dutch ships in the strait of Shimonoseki, following an imperial order to expel foreigners. 1864: Britain, France, US, and Holland attacks and burns city of Shimonoseki in response. Choshu attacks shogun forces in Kyoto. 1867: Choshu and Satsuma attacks the Tokugawa shogun army 1868: Collapse of the Tokugawa Shogunate, and Tokugawa Yoshinobu (last Tokukgawa shogun) resigns; imperial power is restored to the emperor Meiji

  8. Comparison of Government Structure and Effectiveness Original Final • The “alternate attendance” system required most of the domain lords to spend every other year in Edo to serve the shogun • Most of the power rested within the shogun • The emperor, although given the title of the ruler, had very little power • Lords served an authoritarian government • The Edo government began to decline in the 1850s. • By the mid 1860s, Choshu was in the hands of an anti-Tokugawa administration. • By 1868, Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned as a shogun • The emperor’s imperial power is restored • On January 3, 1868, a group of young samurai came into power. • Emperor has power • Social class still present

  9. Comparison of Government Structure and Effectiveness • The goal of this revolution was to abolish the Tokugawa Shogunate and restore the emperor’s imperial power. Although the emperor was deemed ruler during the Tokugawa era, the power rested solely with the shoguns. However, in 1868, Tokugawa Yoshinoby, who was the last of the Tokugawa shoguns, resigned from his position. This ultimately caused the collapse of the Tokugawa Shonugate, returning the imperial power back to the emperor. This revolution was effective because it restored the emperor’s imperial power.

  10. Key Leaders of the Meiji Restoration Commander Matthew C. Perry Kido Takayoshi Okubo Toshimichi Tokugawa Yoshinobu-last shogun

  11. Charts of the Meiji Restoration Reasons for Tokugawa’s collapse

  12. Maps of the Meiji Restoration Map of the Boshin war (1868-1869); Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa joined forces to defeat Shogunate forces at Toba-Fushimi Map showing areas of Shogunal rule

  13. Meiji Empire to Constitutional Monarchy (1868-1889)

  14. Causes

  15. Impact of Meiji Constitutional Monarchy

  16. Impact of Meiji Constitutional Monarchy Cont.

  17. Chronology • 1873- Itagaki Taisuke, a powerful Tosa leader, had resigned from the Council of State over the Korean affair • 1874- The Tosa Memorial was written, which criticized the power of the oligarchy and need for a representative government • 1875- The Osaka Conference led to the reorganization of the government with independent judiciary and an appointed Chamber of Elders, which reviewed proposals. • 1878-The nationwide Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) was organized and pushed for a representative government. • 1882- The Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Progressive Party) was established and called for a British-style constitutional democracy. • 1885- The Council of State was replaced with a cabinet headed by Ito as prime minister. • 1889- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (The Meiji Constitution) was signed by the emperor and provided for the Imperial Diet, which was composed of a popularly elected House of Representatives, the House of Peers, and a cabinet.

  18. Comparison of Government Structure and Effectiveness Final Original • Leaders were inexperienced and young • Created pragmatic policies without considering their effects; policies were often revised • Wanted to industrialize and pursue internationalization; modeled after the West • Government faced many problems, including inadequate revenues, challenges from imperialist nations, threats from domains, and lack of organizational structures • Government structure was reorganized multiple times • Membership in leadership also changed multiple times • Social classes abolished • Ito Hirobumi, one of the youngest Restoration leaders, studied European political systems. He helped draft the first national constitution and create several institutions • The constitution was declared on February 11, 1889. It gave the emperor full sovereignty, creating a weak legislature and a strong, cabinet, with the prime minister appointed by the emperor. • Political parties did not yet have real power due to the lack of unity among their members. • Social classes remain abolished • Presence of industrialization • Emperor’s imperial power restored

  19. Comparison of Government Structure and Effectiveness • The goal of this revolution was to modernize Japan and create a centralized government. This revolution was an overall success because Japan became a constitutional monarchy. Because a constitution was promulgated that gave the emperor full sovereignty, this allowed for a centralized and modernized government; the emperor’s imperial power was fully restored. Also, during this period, Japan underwent many changes leading up to its modernization. For example, social classes were abolished, education systems were reformed, transportation and communication improved, and the economy changed from an agrarian to an industrialized one. Furthermore, there were many changes applied in certain aspects to Westernize the country as a whole, including trade. Because this revolution created a more centralized and modernized country, it was successful.

  20. Key Leaders Emperor Meiji Ito Himawari Hijikata Toshizo Saigo Takamori

  21. Charts Chart of government structure of Meiji during modernization

  22. Pictures Emperor Meiji moving from Kyoto to Tokyo Meiji Constitution

  23. Maps Map showing alliances against Tokugawa

  24. Works Cited • Huffman James. "About Japan:1868-1889 | Japan Society." Japan Society. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. <http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/the_meiji_restoration_era_1868-1889>. • "Japanese History: Meiji Period." Japan Living Guide. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. <http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2130.html>. • "Meiji Restoration - Change in Japan's Political and Social Structure." Japan Information Resource. Web. 11 Feb. 2011. <http://www.japan-101.com/history/meiji_restoration.htm>. • "Modern History: The Meiji Restoration and Modernization." Asia for Educators. Columbia University. Web. 8 Feb. 2011. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/modernhist/meiji.html.

  25. Division of Work • Younji Lee – 1,2, chronology for Meiji Restoration • Jasmine Klar – 1,2, chronology for Meiji Empire to Constitutional Monarchy • Stephanie Hoang – All graphics of both revolutions, Comparison for both revolutions

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