DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD

1. DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD • Who were the first humans on the continent, how did they get here and why did they come? • How did geography and climate affect Indian culture? • What level of technology did most tribes develop?

2. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia • Supposedly crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

3. Early Human Migrations • 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE • 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE • 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

4. Hunting & Gathering society.

6. Pueblo – Great Basin Indians. Iroquois – Longhouse typical of E. Woodlands Indians.

7. Mesa Verde – Great Basin (desert of NM) Navajo had to develop “dry farming” techniques.

8. Chinook Indians on Pacific NW Coast fishing for salmon. Totem poles and great lodges. The environment greatly affected each Indian tribe.

9. Questions to consider as we discuss the “Indians.” (ID) How did Indians develop a sense of identity? (WXT) What kinds of work were done? Were there exchanges between tribes? What was the level of technology? (WOR) Was there any interaction with the world? (ENV) How did the environment and geography affect Indian culture?

10. Columbus “discovers” a “New World.” October, 1492

11. The “New World” • Did Columbus discover a “New World?” • Did Columbus create a “New World?” • What was the Columbian Exchange? • How did the Spanish conquer such a huge area of land people by millions.

12. NEW WORLD OLD WORLD

13. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

14. New Weapons Technology

15. Columbian Exchangeor the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

16. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of • Southern part of North America • Central America • Caribbean Islands • Most of outer South America

17. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas • Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish. • Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized. • Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways. • New Laws --> 1542

18. Between 1492 – 1592 the Indian population was reduced by 90%.

19. The Spanish Colonial Caste System PeninsularesSpanish ancestory CreolesSpanish and Black mixture. MestizosSpanish and Indian mixture MulattosWhite American and Black mixture Black Slaves Native Indians

20. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM • This is the Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply • Very similar to European feudalism • 2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations • Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands • Indians often rendered personal services as well. • 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to • protect his wards • instruct them in the Christian faith • defend their right to use the to live off the land • 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. • 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

21. Indian Resistance to Spanish Pueblo Indians (NM) revolt against Spanish rule in 1680 known as Pope’s Rebellion.

22. The “New World” questions (PEO) Did Columbus discover a “New World?” (CUL) Did Columbus create a “New World?” (WOR) What was the Columbian Exchange? (WXT) How did the Spanish conquer such a huge area of land populated by millions?