Welcome to the Canadian Red Cross First Aid & CPR Course

1. Welcome to the Canadian Red CrossFirst Aid & CPR Course

2. Day 1 Preparing to Respond EMS Check, Call, Care

3. Definition of First Aid The First Aider’s Role: • Recognize the emergency • Call EMS/9-1-1 • Act according to your skills, knowledge, and comfort level First aidis the immediate care that you give to a sick or injured person until more advanced care can be obtained.

4. Why Are People Afraid Of Offering Support? • Other people at the scene • The ill or injured person • Unpleasant injuries or illnesses • Catching a disease • Doing something wrong

5. Infection An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of the body by germs. • Germs in the environment • The germs enter body • Enough germs to cause infection • The individual’s natural defences must be weak

6. How is an Infection Spread Between People? Direct contact > Airborne transmission > Indirect contact > Vector transmission >

7. Preventing Diseases From Spreading • Take personal precautions • Wear protective equipment • Take environmental precautions

8. Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions • List three examples of a medical emergency. • How can a disease be transmitted in first aid? • How can disease transmission be prevented in first aid? • Can you be sued for doing first aid? • Name three elements of a home safety plan.

9. Preparing to Respond – Scenario Review So, what would you do?

10. Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic • Check • Call • Care

11. Check – Begin a Primary Survey Before helping at an emergency, check the scene: • Is it safe? • What happened? How did it happen? • How many ill or injured people are there? • Is there someone to help me? • Is there someone who looks unconscious?

12. If the scene is safe, check the person: • Do they respond? • Ask the person, “Are you okay?” • If it is safe, get closer • Gently tap the person on the shoulder • Do they want your help? • Tell them: • Who you are • You are trained in first aid • You are here to help

13. Call • Call EMS/9-1-1 • Be ready to tell the dispatcher the following: • Where exactly the emergency is • What telephone number you are calling from • What your name is • What has happened • How many people are involved and what their condition is

14. Care • Check for any life-threatening emergencies immediately • Determine care required: check ABCs

15. Check ABCs for Life-Threatening Emergencies Check: • Airway • Breathing • Circulation

16. Shock Shock can be caused by: • Injury • Illness • Infection • Emotion Treat everybody for shock. Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.

17. First Aid – Shock While you are waiting for EMS personnel to arrive: • Care for the cause of the shock. • Keep the person warm. • Monitor ABCs. • Have the person rest. • Give comfort and reassurance.

18. Secondary Survey: Are there any other injuries? Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are present. Do the three-steps of a secondary survey: • Ask SAMPLE questions • Check vital signs • Do a head-to-toe check Always complete the secondary survey before treating any non-life-threatening injuries.

19. Secondary Survey – SAMPLE Questions S Signs and symptoms A Allergies M Medications P Past medical history L Last meal E Events leading up to the emergency

20. Secondary Survey – Vital Signs • Level of consciousness • Breathing • Skin

21. Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check Hands-Off Check

22. Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check Hands-On Check

23. Continual Care • Keep the person comfortable • Put an unconscious person in the recovery position if: • The airway is open • The person is breathing • There is no deadly bleeding • You don’t suspect a neck or back injury • Monitor the person

24. Summary Check • Check the scene • Check the person Call • Call EMS/9-1-1 Care • Deal with life-threatening conditions (ABCs) Secondary Survey • Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening injuries Continual Care • Keep the person comfortable and monitor vital signs

25. Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions • What should you do during the check? • What actions must you take in call? • What actions must you take in care? • What can you do to prevent shock? • What do you do during the secondary survey? • What does the acronym SAMPLE stand for? • What should you look for in a head-to-toe check?

26. Check, Call, Care – Scenario Review So, what would you do?

27. Day 2 Choking & Airway Emergencies

28. Airway Emergencies What would you do?

29. Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology Nose Mouth Epiglottis Trachea Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli

30. Airway Blockages • A mild airway obstruction occurs when the airway is partly blocked, reducing the flow of air to the lungs • A severe airway obstructionoccurs when the airway is totally blocked, stopping air from reaching the lungs Blockage If the person can speak, cough, or breathe, it is mild choking.

31. ACT Manual Using the ACT Manual (part of your handout): • Describe 2 types of choking. • Describe signs and symptoms of mild choking. • Describe signs and symptoms of severe choking • Know the universal sign for choking. • Refer to your handout for the first aid for conscious severe choking adult and for unconscious severe choking adult.

32. Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions • How would you prevent choking? • How would you recognize that someone is choking? • What are the first aid steps for mild choking? • What are the first aid steps for conscious severe choking? • What are the first aid steps for someone who is choking and becomes unconscious? ...you will need to be able to show this skill!

33. Airway Emergencies – Scenario Review So, what would you do?

34. Breathing Emergencies What would you do?

35. DVD’s: • DVD 3 – Conscious Choking Adult • DVD 6 – Unconscious Choking Adult • Practice Time! Pair up and practice conscious and unconscious choking first aid!

36. Day 3 Circulation Emergencies

37. No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes. 0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon stop beating. Clinical death. 4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible. 6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely. 10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage certain. Biological death.

38. Circulation Emergencies What would you do?

39. Anatomy and Physiology To upper body Aorta To lung To lung From lung From lung Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle From lower body To lower body

40. Chest Pain • Angina • Heart attack Partial blockage

41. Risk Factors for Developing Cardiovascular Disease Controllable factors: • Smoking • Poor diet • High blood pressure • Obesity • Stress • Lack of regular exercise Other factors: • Gender • Heredity • Age

42. Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack and Angina • Squeezing chest pain • Problems breathing • Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women) • Cold, sweaty skin • Skin that is bluish or paler than normal • Nausea and vomiting • Denial Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.

43. First Aid – Heart Attack and Angina • Have the person rest. • Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If they have, do not allow them to take nitroglycerin. • Help the person take their nitroglycerin and ASA. • Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum). • If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if the first dose doesn’t make the pain go away, suggest they chew two 80 mg ASA tablets or one 325 mg ASA tablet.

44. Cardiac Arrest Causes: • Cardiovascular disease • Drowning • Suffocation • Certain drugs • Severe chest injuries • Severe blood loss • Electrocution Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating.

45. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) andAutomated External Defibrillation (AED) • Clinical death occurs when the heart stops. It is reversible. • CPR keeps oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout the body. • AED can deliver a shock to re-establish an effective rhythm. Quick defibrillation greatly increases chances of survival.

46. DVD • DVD #9 -CPR technique

47. Early AED • Survival rate decreases 7% to 10% with each minute there is a delay • Defibrillation combined with CPR, is the key treatment in more than 80% of all sudden cardiac arrest victims For un-witnessed arrest: • 2 minutes of CPR can increase chances of the AED detecting a shockable rhythm

48. Stroke Causes: • A clot in an artery to the brain • An artery that ruptures in the brain • A tumour Astrokehappens when the blood flow to the brain gets interrupted

49. Signs and Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks and Stroke F - Face A - Arm S - Speech T - Time First Aid for a stroke: • Call EMS/9-1-1 • Have the person rest • Place the person in the recovery position with the affected side up • Monitor ABCs and provide reassurance

50. Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions • List the risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. • What is the first aid for someone complaining of chest pain? • When do you do CPR? • What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? • What is the first aid for a suspected stroke?