1 / 31

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Learn about the process of transcription and translation in the central dogma of biology. Understand how the cell makes important proteins and the differences between DNA and RNA.

abrahamrosenthal
Download Presentation

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  2. Central Dogma of Biology! • Genes are codes for making polypeptides (proteins) • The nitrogenous bases (ATCG’s) contain the code! • DNA is stored in the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm

  3. How your cell makes very important proteins 1. Transcription – copy of the code 2. Translation – translation into proteins • DNA  RNA  Protein Such as…. Insulin, testosterone, human growth hormone, amylase, serotonin, melatonin, melanin, dystrophin, platlets etc.…...

  4. Before making proteins, Your cell must first make RNA • Question: • How does RNA(ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

  5. RNA differs from DNA 1. RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 2. RNA contains uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) 3. RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded

  6. 1. Transcription OR RNA production • RNA molecules are produced by copying part of DNA into a complementary sequence of mRNA • This process is started and controlled by an enzyme called Helicase – “unzips” the double stranded DNA.

  7. DNA RNA Polymerase mRNA (messenger RNA) 1. Transcription RNA Polymerase opens the DNA and DNA polymerase AND Adds base pairs to the mRNA strand. (copy of the DNA)

  8. Question: • What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? Remember U replaces T • DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’

  9. Types of RNA • Three types ofRNA: A. messenger RNA (mRNA) B. transfer RNA (tRNA) C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)

  10. mRNA • Carries instructions from DNA to the rest of the ribosome. • Tells the ribosome what kind of protein to make • Acts like an email from the principal to the cafeteria lady.

  11. start codon A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A mRNA codon 1 codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 stop codon protein methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine Primary structure of a protein aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 aa1 peptide bonds A. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Bases are read as three letter codons

  12. rRNA • Part of the structure of a ribosome • Location in the cytoplasm where translation occurs • Helps in protein production tRNA Gets the right amino acids to make the right Protein according to mRNA copy of instructions

  13. methionine B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

  14. Ribosomes Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA Small subunit

  15. pre-RNA molecule exon intron exon exon intron intron intron exon exon exon splicesome splicesome exon exon exon Mature RNA molecule 2. RNA Processing

  16. 3. Translation • Three parts: 1. initiation: start codon (AUG) - Primer 2. elongation: codon is read and amino acid attached. 3. termination: stop codon (UAG) • Watch a PROTEIN being made!!!!!

  17. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 3. Translation Large subunit P Site A Site Small subunit

  18. aa2 HIS Tyr 2-tRNA 1-tRNA G A U U A C Initiation anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

  19. aa3 3-tRNA G A A Elongation peptide bond HIS Asp 1-tRNA 2-tRNA anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

  20. aa3 3-tRNA G A A Tyr peptide bond Asp 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

  21. Ala 4-tRNA G C U peptide bonds Tyr Asp Glu 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

  22. Ala 4-tRNA G C U peptide bonds Tyr Asp Glu 2-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

  23. Stop 5-tRNA U G A peptide bonds Tyr Asp Ala Glu 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

  24. Stop 5-tRNA U G A peptide bonds Tyr Asp Glu Ala 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

  25. Stop Ala Termination Glu primary structure of a protein Asp His terminator or stop codon 200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G mRNA

  26. Stop Ala Glu Asp Tyr End Product • The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein. • A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds.

  27. Question: • The anticodon UAC belongs to a tRNA that recognizes and binds to a particular amino acid. • What would be the DNA base code for this amino acid?

  28. Answer: • tRNA - UAC (anticodon) • mRNA - AUG (codon) • DNA - TAC

  29. Mutations • changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA • Types: deletion, insertion, substitution, repeats, rearrangement

More Related