RNA and Protein Synthesis

1. RNA and Protein Synthesis Unit 7

2. Vocabulary Review Ribosome — makes proteins DNA polymerase – enzyme that puts together DNA Amino acid – building blocks (monomers) of proteins Polypeptide — another name for proteins Genes — sections of DNA that code for something

3. What is RNA? RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Usually single-stranded Monomers = nucleotides (like DNA, which are made of nitrogen base, ribose (sugar), and one phosphate Bases: A, U, C, G U = Uracil

4. Always remember… RNAlovesU

5. Write the RNA strand for each of these DNA strands: • ½ Strand of DNA • GAATTACA • CCAATTAG • ATAGACAG • CCAGTACA • RNA • CUUAAUGU • GGUUAAUC • UAUCUGUC • GGUCAUGU

6. 3 Types of RNA rRNA: Ribosomal RNA—makes up ribosome mRNA: Messenger RNA—in the nucleus The messenger from DNA to rest of the cell AKA: codon (code) ** Used to code for the amino acid** tRNA: Transfer RNA—in the cytoplasm Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make proteins AKA: anticodon(not code)

7. PROCESS – Protein Synthesis DNA  RNA  Protein Cell Components: Membrane, cytoplasm, etc. Process 1- Transcription Process 2- Translation RNA Proteins DNA nucleus ribosome Enzymes: Catalyze reactions Process - DNA Replication DNA

8. TRANSCRIPTION LOCATION: NUCLEUS (because DNA cannotleave the nucleus!) PURPOSE: mRNA to copy the instructions for making a specific protein from DNA RNA polymerase—an enzyme that reads one DNA strand to make a mRNA strand Just like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase bonds new nucleotides to form mRNA. Except A = U, C = G

9. TRANSCRIPTION DNA  mRNA RNA polymerase binds nucleotides that are complimentary to the DNA’s sequence. There is a gene on DNA that codes for RNA polymerase to stop

10. TRANSCRIPTION Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNApolymerase DNA RNA

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGzsgTMgSog

12. CODONS and ANTICODONS Codon: 3 nucleotide sequence of mRNA Anticodon: 3 nucleotide sequence of tRNA that is complimentary to mRNA Example: AUG-CGG (codons) UAC-GCC (anticodons) • START CODON: AUG • STOP CODONS: UAG, UAA, UGA

14. TRANSLATION LOCATION: RIBOSOME Purpose: make a protein mRNA is read by ribosome Ribosome “translates” message (mRNA) to protein tRNA brings corresponding amino acid to ribosome Ribosome bonds amino acids together (peptide bonds) tRNA

15. TRANSLATION When the amino acid chain lengthens, this is called elongation. Translation stops when the ribosome reads a stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA)

16. TRANSLATION

17. TRANSLATION

18. http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.htmlhttp://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY

19. What is a mutation?? • Change in a sequence of DNA • Change in a sequence of bases • Change in a sequence of nucleotides • Change in a sequence of amino acids

20. How are mutations good, bad, or equal? • Good-change in DNA sequence that leads to better protein production, increasing the organisms chance of survival. • Ex: camouflage • Bad- change in DNA sequence that leads to the wrong protein formed, decreasing the organisms survival • Ex: genetic diseases such as sickle anemia • Equal- change in DNA sequence that produces the same correct protein. UUU UUC =