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The Solar System

Part 4: Exploration. The Solar System. Reaction Engine. An engine, such as a jet or rocket engine, that ejects gas at high velocity and develops its thrust from the resulting reaction This movement follows Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action produces an equal and opposite reaction.

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The Solar System

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  1. Part 4: Exploration The Solar System

  2. Reaction Engine • An engine, such as a jet or rocket engine, that ejects gas at high velocity and develops its thrust from the resulting reaction • This movement follows Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action produces an equal and opposite reaction • Thrust: a propulsive force produced by the fluid pressure or the change of momentum of the fluid in a jet engine, rocket engine, etc. World English Dictionary; dictionary.com • Reaction engines were first developed by the Chinese between the 11th and 13th centuries. Remember: A fluid can be a liquid or a gas

  3. What Is a Rocket? • A rocket is a device that produces thrust by burning fuel. The usually hot gases that are produced push out of the back of the engine which pushes the rocket forward. • Unlike jet engines, rocket engines carry all the fuel they need to carry out the reactions that produce the propellant gas. NASA's Saturn V rocket carried humans to the moon. Image Credit: NASA

  4. The Development of Space Rockets • In 1903, a Russian teacher named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky wrote a paper describing the idea of liquid-fuel rocketsthat would produce enough thrust to escape Earth’s gravity. • In 1926, American scientist Robert Goddard flew the first liquid-fuel rocket. It was fueled with a mixture of gasoline and liquid oxygen. Robert Goddard built the first liquid-fuel rocket. Image Credit: NASA

  5. The Development of Space Rockets • The Germans continued to improve on rocket design and used them during WWII for bombing. • In 1957, the USSR used a rocket to launch the first satellite, and in 1961 sent the first man, Yuri Gagarin, into space. • Also in 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space. • In 1962, John Glenn became the first to orbit the Earth. • In 1969, a rocket carried Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrinto the moon and back. • Today rockets carry space probes to the far reaches of our solar system and beyond.

  6. Escape Velocity • The velocity needed for a rocket to escape a planet’s gravity • Depends upon the mass of the planet and the distance of the rocket from the center of the planet • Requires fuel (liquid or solid) that can burn long enough to maintain thrust through the atmosphere.

  7. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • Mariner 2 – launched in 1962 to fly by Venus; 1st successful mission to another planet • Mariner 4 – launched in 1964 to fly by Mars; 1st close photos of Mars

  8. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9 formed a ring of solar-weather stations, spaced approximately along Earth's orbit, whose measurements were used to predict solar storms. • Pioneer 6 returned the first data on the Sun's atmosphere and recorded passage of Comet Kohoutek's tail.

  9. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 1967 Mariner 5 to Venus • 1969 Mariner 6 and 7 to Mars • 1971 Mariner 9 to Mars– 1st spacecraft to orbit another planet • 1971 USSR Mars 3 was the first human-made object to perform a survivable landing on Mars, but contact was lost only 20 seconds after landing. Mariner 9 Mars 3 Years are when launched.

  10. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 1972 – Pioneer 10 1st to fly beyond Mars; photographed Jupiter and its moons • 1973 – Pioneer 11 sent to explore Saturn • Both dormant probes are now headed out toward distant stars Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Years are when launched.

  11. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon 1973 - Mariner 10 was the only mission to Mercury until NASA's MESSENGER mission more than 30 years later. • It was also the first spacecraft to reach one planet by using the gravity of another planet (in this case, Venus) to alter its speed and trajectory. • This has become an extremely important technique. Mariner 10 Years are when launched.

  12. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 1977- Voyager 2 – only spacecraft to study all four gas giants • 1977 – Voyage 1 explored Jupiter and Saturn • Both then went on to explore the farthest reaches of the solar system. Voyager space probes Years are when launched.

  13. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 1978 – Pioneer Venus 1 explored Venus, mapping it from orbit by radar for 14 years • 1978 – Pioneer Venus 2 carried probes that gathered data as they descended to the surface Pioneer Venus spacecraft USSR’s Venera missions also explored Venus Years are when launched.

  14. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 1975 -Viking 1 and 2 successfully landed on Mars and sent back data • 1984 – Vega 1 and 2 sent to Venus and then on to the comet Halley. • 1989 – Magellen –mapped 98% of Venus Viking Vega Magellen Years are when launched.

  15. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 1989 – Galileo sent to study Jupiter and its moons from orbit • 1996 -NEAR Shoemaker (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) lands on asteroid Eros • 1996 – Mars Global Surveyor Galileo NEAR Shoemaker Mars Global Surveyor Years are when launched.

  16. Exploring Space Beyond the Moon • 2003: Spirit and Opportunity Mars Rovers • 1997- Cassini sent to explore Saturn, carrying the Huygens probe that landed on Titan • 2004 – MESSENGER sent to study Mercury Spirit/Opportunity Cassini Huygens MESSENGER Years are when launched.

  17. Missions in Progress • 2006 New Horizons – expected to arrive at Pluto in 2015 • 2007 Dawn - arrived at asteroid Vesta in 2011, will move on to Ceres in 2012 • 2011 Juno – expected to arrive at Jupiter in 2016 Years are when launched.

  18. Missions in Progress • On August 6, 2012 Curiosity landed on Mars. • Has seventeen cameras and equipment to analyze soil samples • Looking for any evidence that Mars may have once supported life • Should function for 2 years

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