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Earth Sciences Sector. The Bowser / Sustut project: Introduction, overview of project status, and highlights of recent research. Northern Resources Development. Carol A. Evenchick cevenchi@nrcan.gc.ca With contributions from The Bowser/Sustut project team
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Earth Sciences Sector The Bowser / Sustut project: Introduction, overview of project status, and highlights of recent research Northern Resources Development Carol A. Evenchick cevenchi@nrcan.gc.ca With contributions from The Bowser/Sustut project team Prepared for the Bowser project workshop, Feb. 21, 2006, Calgary Ministry of Energy and Mines Resource Development And Geoscience Branch
Presentation Outline Ministry of Energy and Mines Resource Development And Geoscience Branch • Brief overview of the project and its status • Brief stratigraphic and structural frameworks (see past presentations for more detail) • Highlights of 2005 fieldwork • Highlights of other research and activities in 2005 • New publications, upcoming publications • Future work CAE Feb 21 ‘05
Brief Bowser/Sustut project overview What, where, when, and why INTEGRATED PETROLEUM RESOURCE POTENTIAL AND GEOSCIENCE STUDIES IN THE BOWSER AND SUSTUT BASINS A collaborative project: of the Geological Survey of Canada, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines Simon Fraser University, U of Alberta Location: North-central British Columbia General geology: Jurassic and Cretaceous marine and non marine basins; fold and thrust belt structure Project goals include: spark private sector investment in the Bowser/Sustut region by increasing data and knowledge of energy resources and geological framework Time frame: April 1 2003 thru March 31 2007
Brief Bowser/Sustut project overview Who Collaborative project between the Geological Survey of Canada and the British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, with contributions from SimonFraser University, University of Alberta, and Geoscience BC Research, technical, and outreach team (2005, 2006) Judith Baker (GSC, Sidney) Zhuoheng Chen (GSC, Calgary) Randy Enkin (GSC, Sidney) Carol Evenchick (GSC, Vancouver) Filippo Ferri (BCMEM, Victoria) Peter Hannigan (GSC, Calgary) Jamel Joseph (GSC, Vancouver) Carmel Lowe (GSC, Sidney) David Mate (GSC, Sidney) Margot McMechan (GSC, Calgary) Vicki McNicoll (GSC, Ottawa) Peter Mustard (Simon Fraser Univ.) Kirk Osadetz (GSC, Calgary) Paul O’Sullivan (Apatite to Zircon Inc.) Terry Poulton (GSC, Calgary) Marianne Quat (GSC, Vancouver) David Ritcey (GSC, Vancouver) Gareth Smith (Simon Fraser Univ.) David Snyder (GSC, Ottawa) Lavern Stasiuk (GSC, Calgary) Arthur Sweet (GSC, Calgary) Robert Turner (GSC, Vancouver) John Waldron (University of Alberta) Carol Wagner (GSC, Vancouver)
58o 57o 2004 2003 56o 2005 130o 128o Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeProject Status Feb 2006 FINISHED 3RD YEAR OF FIELDWORK NEW / GREATLY INCREASED DATA SETS Thermal maturity Organic petrography and diagenesis Characterization of effective petroleum systems Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology Paleomagnetism Lithogeochemistry Isotopic systems for provenance study Rock magnetic susceptibility and density Seismic (Lithoprobe) Paleontology Field notes digital Photographs digital • NEW PUBLICATIONS (more details later): • 14 reports and open files (maps and data), including: • - a new basin compilation map • a revised model of organic maturity • a GSC bulletin • CD’s of project data distributed at major meetings (workshop, CSPG)
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeProject Status Feb 2006 New Initiatives 1 Successful application to Geoscience BC for funding of 3 project elements (over 2 years starting June 2005) 1) Apatite Fission Track of southern Bowser/Sustut basins 2) Early basin history (more from J. Waldron later today) 3) Digital release of all field data (notes, photos, etc.) 2 10 papers submitted to the Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology (9 for a Bowser thematic issue) – interim project results Topics (most you will hear about later today): 1) Petroleum systems – petroleum systems 2) Thermal maturity, source rocks, migration history 3) Paleomagnetism – timing of fluid migrations 4) AFT of northwestern Bowser Basin 5) AFT of northern Bowser and Sustut basins 6) Seismic tomography northwest Bowser Basin 7) Potential Fields – depth to basement 8) Sedimentology of fan deltas - northern basin 9) Transverse structures, SE Skeena Fold Belt 10) Lithogeochemistry - chemostratigraphy AFT samples previously collected AFT samples – Geoscience BC project Early basin history and structural studies
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Regional Geological Framework • Bowser and Sustut basins: Jurassic and Cretaceous clastic rocks that cover a large part of north-central British Columbia; about 1.5 times the size of Switzerland. • in the Intermontane Belt of the Canadian Cordillera, a region of low metamorphic grade relative to the bounding Omineca Belt (metamorphic) and Coast Belt (plutonic and metamorphic) • overlie Triassic and lower Jurassic volcanic arc rocks of Stikinia • basin rocks were deformed in Cretaceous time to form Skeena Fold Belt; the fold belt terminates (locally) on the NE in a frontal triangle zone within Sustut Basin strata • Bowser Basin is intruded on the west by early Tertiary plutonic rocks of the Coast Belt • basin rocks are overlain by minor late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Regional Stratigraphic Framework Bowser Basin - more than 6000 m of sedimentary rock deposited in environments ranging from distal submarine fans and abyssal plain, to continental shelf, deltas, rivers, lakes, and alluvial fans. Mapped as lithofacies assemblages of the Bowser Lake Group. Includes Skeena Group (south). Age: Middle Jurassic to mid Cretaceous Lithofacies assemblage map Ritchie-Alger assemblage: submarine fan More to be revealed by P. Mustard later today!! Sustut Basin Sustut Group - more than 2000 m of nonmarine clastic strata, divided into two formations: Brothers Peak Formation – latest Cretaceous age Tango Creek Formation – mid to latest Cretaceous age
Triangle zone NE Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Regional Structural Framework Northeast front of the Skeena Fold Belt Basin rocks and underlying strata are folded and thrust faulted. The structures define the Skeena Fold Belt, a thin skinned fold and thrust belt of Cretaceous age. 20 km Wow factor folds, but….
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Regional Structural Framework Sustut Group – Tango Ck Fm Sustut Group – Brothers Peak Fm NE W Wide range of scales and styles; the most complex folds are in coaly strata and in thinly layered siliceous siltstone in upper Hazelton Group. Large scale folds are near basement culminations and other competent successions. NE Bowser Lk Gp Folds are typically conical, disharmonic, detachment, faulted detachment. Devils Claw Formation NE Bowser Lk Gp Bowser Lk Gp
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork southern segment of basin compilation map published June 2004 (sources: published ‘97 and ’70’s work) Quick compilation of ’04-’05 field season mapping in the southern basin 103P 93M 93L 103I Skeena Group Bowser Lake Group assemblages Hazelton Gp and lower Primarily nonmarine clastic Primarily volcanic Undivided Bowser/Skeena Jenkins Creek Groundhog-Gunanoot Muskaboo Creek Cranberry River (new) Ritchie-Alger Undivided Bowser Lake Gp
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Lower Bowser “basin” contact vs. base of Bowser Lake Group Bowser Lake Group clastic rocks Age of lower boundary diachronous “basin” rocks 103P Hazelton Group clastic rocks Hazelton Group volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks 93M 93L 103I
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Distinction of thick, generally massive (and commonly cleaved) siltstone/very fine grained sandstone unit A new assemblage called Cranberry River 103P 93M 93L 103I Main locations, also in 104A
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Extend distribution of Muskaboo Creek to south and southwest more on this from Peter Mustard 103P 93M 93L 103I Identification of transitions into Skeena Gp
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Skeena Group – large area of fining up cycles with abundant plant debris and thin coal horizons. 103P 93M 93L 103I
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Skeena Group – a variety of rocks apparently above the lower fluvial section includes Rocky Ridge volcanics and related sedimentary rocks, some as young as the Tango Creek Fm (Sustut Group). >200 m section overlying Rocky Ridge volc’s is tuffaceous clastic rocks; highest (in footwall of thrust fault) is ≤83 Ma (~Campanian) based on detrital zircon geochron. 103P 93M 93L 103I Volcanics – E Albian to mid Cenomanian; Ar/Ar 95.6 ± 1.6 (Bassett and Kleinspehn 1996)
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Sustut Group Tango Creek Formation Also sampled for palynomorphs and geochron. at Sustut unit boundaries to the north (in 94D) to compare with northern Sustut Group 103P 93M 93L 103I Takla valley – outcrop is sparse and generally small Overturned SW of Takla valley
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork Eocene sedimentary rocks … also poorly exposed; many small outcrops along the southeast limits of the Bowser Basin 103P 93M 93L 103I
S Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge 2005 Fieldwork - Structure Structural Styles – Skeena Fold Belt structures in all units, in the valleys and on the peaks Skeena Gp Bowser Lk Gp Skeena Gp Bowser Lk Gp Skeena Group Extensional Structures The fundamental question is how important are the numerous normal faults shown on existing maps, relative to other structures, in the 3D distribution of map units. Bowser Lk Gp More on structure of SE Skeena Fold Belt from Margot McMechan later today!! Hazelton Group
103P 93M 93L 103I Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeHighlights of 2005 Fieldwork New Ages For The Southern Basin (2004, 2005) From Fossils And Geochronology MARINE MACROFOSSILS (determinations by T. Poulton) from Bowser Lake Group from lower (Hazelton Gp) strata age indeterminate or long ranging (ie. Bowser Lk Gp - Jur.) PALYNOLOGY (determinations by A. Sweet) very preliminary ages 2005 sample not reported on age indeterminate or long ranging UPb GEOCHRONOLOGY (by V. McNicoll) collected preliminary age L Alb L Alb /Tur (Cen) L. Tith E Cret ca. <143 Ma (~Berr. or yngr) Oxf Kim-Val L Bath or Cal San Camp ? Cret prob pre M Alb L Jur L Jr? M Alb /Tur E Cret Kim- Val Cen L Jr? Oxf. or Call. L Jur/E Cret ca. <149 Ma (~Tith or yngr) Kim- Val E Cret. ca. <83 Ma (~Campan. or yngr) L Call. to E Oxf L Jr? E Oxf. L Alb to Tur Most collections of Bowser Lake Group where age could be determined are Late Jurassic, or latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous. Most Skeena Group samples yielded Early Cret. Ages (preliminary), a few mid Cretaceous. Next steps are to incorporate previous collections (after verifying locations).
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeOther research – Provenance and age constraints from Isotopic Systems(V. McNicoll) APPROACH – collect sandstone from strata whose age is well constrained paleontologically, and from diverse geography, map units, and ages. U-Pb SHRIMP analyses of detrital zircons provide a maximum age. Typical Bowser Lake Gp detrital zircons on SHRIMP mount Combined cumulative probability plots have youngest peak at the depositional age of the rock determined paleontologically. To date >750 zircon grains from 14 samples analyzed. The consistency with which the youngest peak is on the depositional age of the rock provides cautious optimism that we can use this method to determine the age of sections where fossils are lacking – target is unit boundaries.
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Other Research - Thermal Maturity(L. Stasiuk and others) GSC/BCMEM open file published 2005 samples collected 2005 samples collected 2004 More on this and petroleum migration history from V. Stasiuk later today and K. Osadetz on petroleum systems.
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeOther research – Timing of Thermal Events Paleomagnetic Studies - R. Enkin Area around Oweegee dome chosen because of the range of stratigraphic units available for sampling and because thermal maturity low relative to other parts of the basin. A pervasive hydrothermal event after most of the Skeena Fold Belt deformation in the vicintiy of Oweegee. More from Randy Enkin later today!
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeOther research – Timing of Thermal Events Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology P. O’Sullivan, K. Osadetz, C. Evenchick, F. Ferri Northern basin: data for 71 samples published(GSC OF4840 /BCMEM OF2004-3) and 2 interpretion papers submitted to BCPG. More from Paul O’Sullivan later today!! Southern Basin: Geoscience BC funded project For comparison with northern thermal history and to aid in interpretation of “normal” faults. Data to be published in Open File format in the next 2 months with interpretation paper(s) to follow. AFT samples previously collected AFT samples – Geoscience BC project
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeOther research - later today Seismic Tomographic Cross sections D. Snyder From inversion of first-break travel time picks of the Lithoprobe SNORCLE deep reflection profile estimate bulk P-wave speed within the upper 2 km of crust beneath the Bowser Basin. Two areas investigated in detail: near Oweegee Dome, and northwest of the basin at the extension of the triangle zone. More from Dave Snyder later today Seismic tomographic model Lithogeochemistry and Heavy Metals D. Ritcey, K. Ratcliffe, C. Evenchick Whole-rock geochemistry on 158 outcrop samples (a variety of lithologies and stratigraphic units from the Bowser and Sustut basins). Heavy mineral analysis on 30 sandstone samples. Goals - identification of provenance, and geocharacterization of units leading to methods for geochemical correlation. More from David Ritcey later today An example of plot characterizing the Bowser Lake and Sustut groups.
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeOther research - Potential Fields(Carmel Lowe) Data release / interpretation as GSC open file: Lowe, C., Evenchick, C.A., Bellamy, C.S., and Smith, G. 2004. Density and Magnetic Susceptibility of rocks from the Bowser and Sustut basins, and underlying Stikinia, northcentral British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4629, 23p Full interpretation in journal article: Lowe, C., Baker, J., and Evenchick, C.A. 2006. Constraints on the nature and thickness of sedimentary fill and other intra-basin geologic features, Bowser Basin, north-central British Columbia. March(?) issue Bull. of Can. Petrol. Geol. Left: Magnetic anomaly map with basin outlines and interpretation Right: Depth to basement from spectral analysis of magnetic data CAE Feb 22 ‘05
Bowser-Sustut Current KnowledgeOutreach -Bob Turner and Godfrey Nowlan Geological Landscapes of Northern BC Highway map Geoscape Community Guidebooks Guidebooks for teachers - to bring geoscience to communities through tours of local features. - involves local teachers and other interested community groups. - 10-15 pages of text and graphics. Simplified geological map with panels (graphics and text) of landscape / geoscience themes. Under development with BC Geol. Survey
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge New Publications (2005) – data, maps FREE DOWNLOADS maps at: http://rgsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mirage/index_e.php reports, open files, bulletins etc. at: http://geopub.nrcan.gc.ca/publist_e.php
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge New Publications (2005, early 2006) Evenchick, CA. 2005. Geology, Laslui Lakes, British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4947. Evenchick, C.A. 2005. Geology, Stalk Lakes, British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4948. Evenchick, C.A. and Ritcey, D. 2005. Geology, Sturdee River, British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4946. Evenchick, C.A. and Thorkelson, D.J. 2005. Geology of the Spatsizi River map area, north-central British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 577. 276 pages. 2 sheets of strat. column, 3 sheets of structural cross sections, 12 1:50K maps, 3 1:250 K maps. Evenchick, C.A., F. Ferri, P.S. Mustard, M.E. McMechan, D. Ritcey, V.J. McNicoll, K.G. Osadetz, P.B. O'Sullivan, L.D. Stasiuk, N.S.F. Wilson, T.P. Poulton, C. Lowe, R.J. Enkin, J. Waldron, D.B. Snyder, R.J.W. Turner, G. Nowlan, and M. Boddy. 2005. Highlights of recent research in the Bowser and Sustut basins project, British Columbia. in Current Research, Geological Survey of Canada, no. 2005-A1, 11 pages. Evenchick, C.A., Gabrielse, H., and Snyder, D. 2005. Crustal structure and lithology of the northern Canadian Cordillera: Alternative interpretations of SNORCLE seismic reflection Lines 2a and 2b. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 1149-1161. Evenchick, C.A., O'Sullivan, P.B., Waldron, J.W.F. 2006. Targeted Energy Resource Studies in the Bowser and Sustut Interior Basins of British Columbia. in Geological Fieldwork 2005, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2006-1 and Geoscience BC, Report 2006-1, pages 281-285. Ferri, F., Mustard, P.S., McMechan, M., Ritcey, D., Smith, G.T., Evenchick, C.A. and Boddy, M. 2005. Skeena and Bowser Lake Groups, West Half Hazelton Map Area (93M). in Summary of Activities 2005, BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, p. 113-131. Lowe, C., Baker, J., Evenchick, C.A. 2006. Constraints on the nature and thickness of sedimentary fill and underlying basement rocks, in Bowser and Sustut Basins, north-central British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. (March 2006 issue). O'Sullivan, P.B., Donelick, R. A., Osadetz, K.G., Evenchick, C.A., Ferri, F., Wilson, N.S.F. and Hayes, M. 2005. Apatite Fission-Track Data from Seventy-one Bowser and Sustut Basin Rock Samples. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File Report 4840 and B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Petroleum Geology Open File 2004-3, cd-rom, 500 p. Ritcey, D.H., Evenchick, C.A., and Ratcliffe. K. 2006. Geochemical and heavy mineral analyses of the Bowser Lake and Sustut groups, north-central British Columbia, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 5072, 1 CD-ROM.. Smith, G.T. and Mustard, P.S. 2005. The Southern Contact of the Bowser Lake and Skeena groups: Unconformity or Transition? in Summary of Activities 2005, BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, pages 152-156. Stasiuk, L.D., Evenchick, C.A., Osadetz, K.G., Ferri, F., Ritcey, D., Mustard, P.S., McMechan, M. 2005. Regional thermal maturation and petroleum stage assessment using vitrinite reflectance, Bowser and Sustut basins, north-central British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Open File 4945; BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Resources, Petroleum Geology Open File 2005-2: 13 p. (includes map compilation at 1:500k). Waldron, J.W.F., Gagnon, J.-F., Loogman, W., and Evenchick, C.A. 2006. Initiation and deformation of the Jurassic-Cretaceous Bowser Basin: implications for hydrocarbon exploration. in Geological Fieldwork 2005, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2006-1 and Geoscience BC, Report 2006-1, pages 349-360.
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Publications in review or in press Edwards, B.R., Evenchick, C.A., McNicoll, V.J., Wetherell, K., and Nogier, M. 2006. Overview of the volcanology of the Bell-Irving volcanic district, northwestern Bowser Basin, British Columbia: new examples of alpine glaciovolcanism from the northern Cordilleran volcanic province. In press GSC Current Research. Evenchick, C.A., McMechan, M.E., McNicoll, V.J. and Carr, S. A synthesis of the Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the central and southeastern Canadian Cordillera: exploring links across the orogen. For GSA special publication “The Nature of Orogenic Systems” edited by J. Sears, T. Harms, C. Evenchick. In review. M.E. Reichenbach, A.A. Gordon, C.A. Evenchick, and D.H. Ritcey. Petrographic data and descriptions of the Bowser Lake and Sustut groups, north-central British Columbia, Canada. In review, for publication as a GSC Open File. the following papers have been submitted (or will be in the next week) to the Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology for consideration for inclusion in a thematic issue on the Bowser and Sustut basins. Enkin, R.J., Baker, J., Evenchick, C.A. Paleomagnetic Investigation of Hydrothermal Events in the Bowser Basin. Evenchick, C.A., O'Sullivan, P.B., Osadetz, K.G., and Ferri, F. Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of the northern Bowser and Sustut basins, British Columbia: Constraints on Cenozoic Thermal History. McMechan, M.E. Transverse structures and tectonic inversion, Mosque Mountain area, southeastern Skeena Fold Belt, British Columbia. Osadetz, K.G., Jiang, C., Evenchick, C.A. Ferri, F., Stasiuk, L.D., Wilson, N.S.F., and Hayes, M. Compositions and significance of petroleum systems in Bowser and Sustut basins (Intermontane Belt) British Columbia: crude oil compositional traits. O'Sullivan, P.B., Ferri, F., Evenchick, C.A., Donelick, R.A. and Osadetz, K.G. Apatite Fission Track Results From The Northwestern Bowser Basin: Constraints On Latest Cretaceous Through Cenozoic Thermal History And Hydrocarbon Prospectivity Ratcliffe, K.T., Morton, A.C., Ritcey, D.H., and Evenchick, C.A. Whole rock geochemistry and heavy mineral analysis as exploration tools in the Bowser and Sustut basins, British Columbia, Canada. Ricketts, B.D. and Evenchick, C.A. Gilbert Deltas and Fan Deltas in Contractional Settings: Examples From the Foredeep Margin of Bowser Basin, British Columbia, Canada. Snyder, D.B. and Roberts, B.J. Seismic tomographic cross sections of the Bowser Basin in Northwest British Columbia, Canada. Stasiuk, L.D. Wilson, N.S.F. Thermal maturation, potential source rock evaluation and preliminary constraints on petroleum migration history, Bowser Basin, British Columbia, Canada.
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Project Future DIGITAL BASIN ATLAS FOCUS FOR 2006 minor wrap-up fieldwork Interpretations Data Maps (50, 100, 500K scales) GIS linked to data Papers(linked to maps, data) Introduction Tectonic framework Stratigraphy Structure Potential fields Seismic tomography Biostratigraphy Geochronology Lithogeochemistry Thermal maturity Apatite Fission Track Paleomagnetism Petroleum Systems Synthesis of depositional, structural, and thermal history Resource Assessment Field notes, photos Fossils Reflectance TOC Petrography Organic chem. Litho geochemistry Geochronology Apatite Fission Trk Paleomagnetic Magnetic susceptibility Rock density research and publication Continue map compilation at 50K, 250K, and 500K scales Continue analysis and integration of datasets Interim reports, presentations Final synthesis - digital basin atlas to encompass all data and interpretations (the plan, but subject to major revision pending budget allocation) Field trip??? Contact me in the next month if you are interested cevenchi@nrcan.gc.ca
Bowser-Sustut Current Knowledge Summary From field season - significantly refined distribution of map units in the southern basin; refinement of unit characteristics; completion of collection of sample suites for thematic studies. From ongoing work – major progress on a number of studies – thermal maturity, organic petrology, petroleum systems, thermal history (AFTT, paleomagnetism), provenance, paleontology, lithogeochemistry, seismic tomography, structural analysis. Several new publications of data and interpretations available. SOURCES OF RECENT INFORMATION Latest project “Geosampler” CD with todays powerpoint presentations will be sent if you leave us a buisness card or send an email See our website!! www.bowserbasin.com But…please remember, material in ppt presentations, the website, and CD is not peer reviewed; the material is meant to aid in your understanding of the region, but not to be cited in formal publications unless it is already published (formally). FREE downloads of GSC products: Maps - http://rgsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mirage/index_e.php Reports (bulletins, data open files, papers) http://geopub.nrcan.gc.ca/publist_e.php