ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND THERMAL COMFORT STANDARDS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS

1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND THERMAL COMFORT STANDARDS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS ICOMOS FRANCE Paris, National School of Administration European Symposium 4-5 October 2010 Heritage: a model for sustainable development: How to improve energy performance in European architectural and urban heritage Seija Linnanmäki, ICOMOS Finland

2. Seija Linnanmäki Member of ICOMOS Finland from 1992, Secretary in 1995 - 2000 Senior Advisor MA (Build Cons) National Board of Antiquities, Finland Department of Monuments and Sites Restoration Unit Post-graduate Aalto University, Helsinki School of Engineering and Architecture History of Architecture seija.linnanmaki@aalto.fi

3. presentation structure • National Energy and ClimateStrategies in Finland 2001, 2005, 2008, evaluation 2009 2 Response to EPBDirective in Finland: National Building CodePart D2 energyefficiency challenge for historicstructures ? technicalsystems ? historicarchitecture ? • Thermalcomfortstandard ASHRAE Standard 55 adaptivemodelinstead of staticmodel in historicbuildings

4. National Climate and Energy Strategies in Finland • 2001 National Climate Strategy: Government report to Parliament • 2005 Finland’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change. • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 1a/2005. Helsinki. 281 p. • Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy. • Government Report to Parliament. • 2009 Evaluation of the Implementation of Finland’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2009. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 4a/2009, Helsinki.

5. Climatechange and the builtheritage Berghäll, Jonna ja Pesu, Minna, 2008. Climatechange and the CulturalEnvironment. recognizedImpacts and Challenges in Finland. The FinnishEnvironment 44/2008. Ministry of the Environment. Helsinki. http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=99735&lan=en Nordicjointproject ”Effecter av klimaendringerpåkulturminnerogkulturmiljö”

6. Finnish National Building Code in transition: energy-efficiency of new-buildings New Part D2 will come into force in 2012 in moment under statement consultation U-values in new-buildingconstructions outerwalls 0,17 W/m2K ( timberwalls 0,40 W/m2K ) upperfloor 0,09 W/m2K underfloor 0,17 W/m2K windows and doors 1,00 W/m2K overall energy performance primary energy use per energy carrier air-tightness renewables RES directive 2009/28/EC “Promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy sources”

7. E –value - new in regulations Part D2 in 2012 Single-family and detached houses various E-values depending on size <150m2 > and building material (timber log or other) Residential blocks 140 kWh/m2a Offices, schools, day-care centres 190 kWh/m2a Hotels 280 kWh/m2a Shops 270 kWh/m2a Hospitals 500 kWh/m2a E-value is a value for maximum energy use depending on the building type Marimekko Factory in Herttoniemi, Helsinki 1974 architects Erkki Kairamo and Reijo Lahtinen.

8. 2010/31/EC EPBD directive implementation: Energy Certificate Act 487/2007 5§ Energy Certificate has to be presented when existing building is hired or sold exept when the building is protected by planning: Land Use and Building Act 132/1999 by Building Protection Act 498/2010 hictoric building is listed in a national inventory as cultural heritage 6§ not needed for churches or other buildings of worship

9. Adaptation to climate change: structures • Adaptation to climate change may mean significant changes and loss of authenticity in architecture, outdoors as well as indoors. • additional thermal insulation • replaced windows • renewed outer doors • Tampere University of Technology, 2008. Final report on the effects of energy-efficient requirements to the building-physics. • Technical Research Centre VTT. Statement on the energy-efficiency in relation to building-physics.

10. Adaptation to climate change: services American Carrier Weathermaster system for mechanical exhaust and supply ventilation Federation of Finnish Industries, Eteläranta 10, Helsinki, architect Viljo Rewell 1953. • mechanical and electrical devices and installations • air-conditioning • cooling and heat-recovery

11. ASHRAE standard 55. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. ISO Standars 7730:2005. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment. Kwok A G and Rajkovich N B 2010. Addressing climate change in comfort standards. Building and Environment 45 (2010) 18-22. Debate on two philosophies of thermal comfort: static and adaptive models

12. Static heat balance model takes into account: • 4 environmental factors • air temperature • radiant temperature • humidity • air velocity • 2 personal variables • clothing • metabolic heat production Thermal Comfort Standard: static model

13. Behavioural adaptation: • change in activity, clothing or posture • adjustments to the local environment • Physiological adaptation: • predicted willingness of people to adapt to their surroundings • Psychological adaptation: • thermal expectations • past experience (thermal memory) • building type, local climate, the desire for seasonal clothing, dress code • Kwok and Rajkovich 2010, 19. Building and Environment 45; Green Vitruvius 2008, 26-27. Thermal Comfort Standard: adaptive model

14. Lower demands = “forgiveness” for old and naturally ventilated buildings Nicol, Fergus, 2003. Thermal comfort. 164-191 in Santamouris M. (ed). Solar thermal technologies for buildings. Low Energy Architecture Research Unit, London Metropolitan University. UK.

15. the Venice Charter 1964 Article 5. ”The conservation of a monument is always facilitated by making use of them for some socially useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable but it must not change the lay-out or decoration of the building. It is within these limits only that modifications demanded by a change of function should be envisaged and may be permitted.” Energy-efficiency is part of the Use Value of Cultural Heritage Buildings seija.linnanmaki@aalto.fi ICOMOS Paris 4 – 5.10. 2010