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Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency

Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency. By Daikin Europe N.V. Agenda. A. Golden rules of comfort Thermal comfort Acoustic comfort B. Golden rules of energy efficiency What do we consume? How to improve ? Energy performance of buildings directive. A. Golden rules of comfort.

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Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency

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  1. Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency By Daikin Europe N.V.

  2. Agenda A. Golden rules of comfort • Thermal comfort • Acoustic comfort B. Golden rules of energy efficiency • What do we consume? • How to improve ? • Energy performance of buildings directive Consulting Sales Department

  3. A. Golden rules of comfort • Thermal sensation of a human being is mainly related to the thermal balance of its body as a whole • This balance is influenced by : Environmental parameters Personal factors DISCOMFORT COMFORT Consulting Sales Department

  4. Personal factors • Depend on : • Activity level • Clothing thermal insulation of the person 1 met = 58 W/m2 1 clo = 0,155 m2K/W Consulting Sales Department

  5. Environmental parameters -solar infiltration -occupants -electric appliances -lighting Air temperature Influenced by Air humidity Air velocity Influenced by the ventilation system Air quality Consulting Sales Department

  6. Thermalexchange Wall temperature Air temperature Air velocity Radiation Humidity Metabolism Ingestion food Clothing PMV determination (ISO 7730) General thermal comfort of the body can be calculated via the PMV : Predicted Mean Vote. PMV takes in consideration: • Body temperature and energy balance • Metabolic rate • Activity rate Consulting Sales Department

  7. Comfort problems Are mainly related to: • Incorrect temperature • Bad humidity • Draught • Bad air quality • Noise Consulting Sales Department

  8. Comfort solutions Are mainly related to: • Temperature control • Humidity control • Correct air distribution • Air filters • Noiseless equipment Air conditioning Consulting Sales Department

  9. Problem 1: high indoor temperature Consulting Sales Department

  10. Comfort zone Maximum comfort zone Temperature (°C) Relative humidity (%) Solution : control of temperature set point • Optimize temperature set point • Limit the difference between the ambient temperature and indoor temperature to maximum 8°C. Ideally, ΔT maxi = 5°C in cooling mode Consulting Sales Department

  11. VRV system Conventional A/C +/_ 0.5C Cooling mode　with VRV System: Solution: even temperature Consulting Sales Department

  12. Problem 2: large vertical temperature difference • Stratification causes cold feet / warm head effect T°ceiling Temperature scale (°C) 1,1 m 10 cm We have to limit the vertical temperature stratification to: ΔT=3°C maxi Consulting Sales Department

  13. Occupation zone Solution: even air distribution • Optimized air velocity parameters in the Occupation Zone Consulting Sales Department

  14. Solution: remote sensors The remote sensor KRCS01-1: Max.15 m • Located in a representative place • Not exposed to sun • Not in the A/C air stream • Not close to heat sources : PC, printers, fax, … When fresh air is introduced through the IU, it is mandatory. Consulting Sales Department

  15. Optimum zone Bacteria Virus Moulds House dust mite Respiratory allergy Asthma and rhinitis Chemical interaction Ozone production Relative humidity (%) Problem 3: bad humidity control • RH too low (< 30%) : • Increase of electrostatic energy • Increase of dust concentration • RH too high (> 70%) : Consulting Sales Department

  16. Refrigerant　Valve Solution: VKM with humidifier Humidifier Humidifier Element :VKM-GMV1 Only Consulting Sales Department

  17. Problem 4 : draught • Heat loss from skin caused by draught is dependent on : • Average air velocity • Turbulence in the airflow • Air Temperature • Fluctuation of skin T° • Prediction of dissatisfaction :Draught rating (DR) Consulting Sales Department

  18. Solution: correct zoning and air distribution GOOD BAD 1 2 3 Consulting Sales Department

  19. Highvelocity Low velocity Cold feet Solution: correct sizing of the diffusers • How to avoid draft : • Increase air velocity by reducing size of diffuser • Use the Coanda Effect Consulting Sales Department

  20. Solution: correct unit for the correct application NEW Ceiling height (m) 3,2 3 2,7 FXCQMini 2,7 mMaxi 3m FXFQ-P(Class 20 to 80)2,7 m FXFQ-P(100 & 125)3,2 m FXZQ2,7 m Distance to wallmini 1,5 m Distance to wallmini 1,5 m Ground level Consulting Sales Department

  21. Solution: correct unit for the correct application Ceiling height (m) Distance to wallmini 1,5 m FXKQMini 2,7 mMaxi 3 m FXLQFree Volume above 1,7 m FXUQ2,7 m FXNQFree Volume above 1,7 m FXHQmaxi 3,8 m FXUQ100 & 1253,2 m Ideal 3,5 m Ground level Consulting Sales Department

  22. Solution: correct unit for the correct application NEW • 5 possible angles from 0 to 60° • 30° for cooling mode • 45° for heating 360 radial round flow: enables uniform air flow distribution Consulting Sales Department

  23. Problem 5: bad Indoor Air Quality Discomfort may occur when : • Lack of fresh air • Lack of filtration • Lack of maintenance of filters The ventilation system in my building doesn’t provide me the expected comfort Dissatisfied persons (%) 1 Decipol is corresponding to the contamination produced by one standard person under a ventilation airflow of 10 l/s of fresh air not contaminated. Perceived air quality Consulting Sales Department

  24. Solution: fresh air equipment and correct filters • VAM / VKM 2 • 1) Standard : prefilter G3 • 2) Option : High efficiency filter F6 1 Heat exchanger Consulting Sales Department

  25. Solution: maintenance of the filters • In industrial city, an AHU / VAM accumulates up to 7Kg of dust/ y Once a year, clean the long life filter (VAM example) Pay attention to filter access when installing. Consulting Sales Department

  26. Problem 6: noise Sound pressure level Sound pressure Consulting Sales Department

  27. Sound pressure Sound power Sound pressure & sound power Sound pressure Sound power The sound pressure that we hear is dependant on the distance from the source and the acoustic environment in which sound waves are present Consulting Sales Department

  28. Threshold of pain Sound pressure Lp (dB) Sound pressure level (dB) Threshold of audibility Frequency Frequency (Hz) Noise rating NR: a more realistic acoustic notion The sensitivity of the human ear is variable according to the frequency Consulting Sales Department

  29. Solution: correct unit for the correct application 35 Class 71, 40 33 Class 25 32 Class 20, 25 31 Class 32 29 Class 20 28 Class 20 Class 20 25 1.5 m Sound pressure level dB(A)* *At low ventilation Consulting Sales Department

  30. Solution: Optimize the noise level of some Daikin IU Problem  Noise increase if pattern Solution  Adapt air flow setting FXZQ Problem  Gurgling Solution:  New expansion valve FXAQ FXLQ Problem  Noise for HotelsSolution  New expansion valve Do not use if Noise is 1 of the biggest issues Install the unit in a technical room FXMQ Consulting Sales Department

  31. Capacity % 100 8 hours 10 hours 50 Load % (initial setting) 0 58 Max. - 8dBA ( 10HP) Operation sound dBA 50 stop start 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00 Solution: special LNOP function • Setting a low operating sound level (OU) for night time Mode 1: Automatic The low noise operating mode is activated 8 hours after the recorded peak day time temp., and will run for 10 hours When the ambient temp. becomes highest, the hour is set to be 2:00PM Mode 2: Manual Exact start and stop time from external time clock or other device Mode 3: Combined Combination of either of the above modes Consulting Sales Department

  32. General guideline for optimal comfort • Temperature control : • Ambient temperature  from 20 to 28°C • Sensor  Representative location • Humidity control : • If too low, evaporation increases  Mini 35% • If too high, molds generation  Maxi 65% • Air movement : • Air velocity  V < 0,2 m/s • Turbulence  avoid by correct location of IU • Air cleaning : • Filtration  Minimum air filtration required • Maintenance  clean/change filter regularly Consulting Sales Department

  33. B. Golden rules of energy • What do we consume? • How to improve ? • Optimize thermal loads • Daikin optimized energy consumption • Energy performance of buildings directive Consulting Sales Department

  34. What do we consume ? • Example of building applications Electrical consumption in big office building Electrical consumption in small office building Air treatment = 41% CoolingFans, pumpsHumidificationLightingEquipmentsKitchenMiscellaneous CoolingFans, pumpsLightingEquipmentsKitchenMiscellaneous Consulting Sales Department

  35. Optimized load • Decrease sun effect : • By external protections • By internal protections • Double glazing (20% reduction) • Adequate orientation • Insulate the walls Consulting Sales Department

  36. Smooth control Low Load High Inverter technology 100% C a p a c i t y C o n t r o l (30 HP) 5% INV NON INV NON NON NON Consulting Sales Department

  37. VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version Consulting Sales Department

  38. VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version Consulting Sales Department

  39. Remote controller • Schedule time integrated -Adapt operation to your presence -Decrease energy when no activity -Program when set mode • Adapt temperature to your own comfort evaluation -Each °C lower on the set point in cooling mode  8% more consumption. -Each °C upper on the set point in heating mode  5 to 7% more consumption. Consulting Sales Department

  40. Conclusion Source: UK Construction Benchmarks Property (2004), Franklin Andrews Consulting Sales Department

  41. Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC • Objective : Improvement of Energy Performance of Buildings BUT taking into account: • Thermal comfort in winter and summer conditions • Air quality • Visual comfort • Date of compliance : 04 January 2006Note: EPD does not impose to use CEN procedures. No delay is allowed when certain CEN procedures are not available Risk of wide range of national procedures. Consulting Sales Department

  42. Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC • Methodology of calculation is done on national or regional level • Based on following general framework: • (a) Thermal characteristics of the building (b) Heating installation and hot water supply, including insulation characteristics (c) Air-conditioning installation (d) Ventilation (e) Built in lighting installation (f) Position and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate (g) Passive solar systems & solar protection (h) Natural ventilation (I) Indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate Consulting Sales Department

  43. Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC • Positive influence of the following aspects shall be taken into account (a) Heating and electricity systems based on renewable energy sources (e.g. solar) (b) Electricity produced by CHP (c) District or block and cooling systems (d) Natural lighting Consulting Sales Department

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