Presentation Transcript

1. The United States becomes an Industrial Giant

   APUSH 2011-12
2. Business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public Drained country of natural resources Drove competitors to ruin Paid workers meager wages Forced workers to work in dangerous and unhealthy conditions Robber Baron
3. Captains of Industry Increased the supply of goods Raised productivity Expanded markets Created jobs, which enabled people to buy more goods and raise their standard of living Established museums, libraries and universities Served the public
4. Good or Evil?
5. By 1900 the USA was a leading industrial power. Why? Abundant natural resources – coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber and oil Abundant labor Supply – millions of new immigrants, willing to work cheaply Population growth- created a massive market for goods Capital was good – Money to start up companies was plentiful
6. More reasons New technologies – over 400,000 new patents were granted from 1860-1890 Business friendly government policies Protected private property Subsidized railroads Protective tariffs Very little regulations Entrepreneurs that built and managed vast enterprises
7. Railroads Had the greatest impact on American society Created a market on a national scale Encouraged mass produced goods Creation of 4 time zones in 1883 Encouraged mass consumption of goods Encouraged growth of other industries Coal, steel and cattle Creation of modern stock holder corporations
8. Railroads started in the east and pushed people west Began with different gauges (width of tracks) and incompatible equipment Federal land grants – 70 railroad companies received more then 3 x the amount given under the Homestead act RR companies would receive mile square sections and sell the land to new settlers to finance its building
9. Transcontinental Railroads First is completed on May 10, 1869 with the use of 6000 Chinese immigrants – piedmont point Utah By 1900, there were 4 other transcontinental lines
10. The B and O railroad smells bad Railroads were overbuilt, and unprofitable Mismanaged Cheap for major shipping companies but would charge small businesses (farmers) extremely high rates Consolidated companies, by 1900 there were 7 major companies Led by men like J.P. Morgan and Cornelius Vanderbilt Created monopolies
11. Industrial empires:Steel Bessemer process – created high quality steel Abundant iron-ore resources from upper Great Lakes region Andrew Carnegie – poor Scottish immigrant that used Vertical integration
12. Complete control of industrial process – mining raw materials to transportation of finished product. Carnegie Steel – sold company in 1900 for $400 million to a conglomerate U.S. Steel headed by J.P. Morgan
13. Oil First oil drill in the U.S. 1859 in Pennsylvania John D. Rockefeller – started Standard Oil and trust
14. charged high prices to railroad companies and cut prices on Kerosene, therefore forcing rivals out and buying their companies Horizontal integration – former competitors were brought under a single corporate umbrella By his retirement he was worth $900 million
15. Anti-trust movements Fear of unchecked powers and wealth of trusts Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 – prohibits building of trusts This was not enforced
16. Laissez-Faire Capitalism (hands off) Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations= business should not be regulated Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest Gospel of Wealth – wealthy had a responsibility to carry out philanthropy Carnegie gave over $350 million to charity http://il.youtube.com/watch?v=WcaIhchZ1JM&feature=related
17. Giving it away Gospel of Wealth – wealthy had a responsibility to carry out philanthropy Carnegie gave over $350 million to charity Gospel of Wealth – wealthy had a responsibility to carry out philanthropy Carnegie gave over $350 million to charity http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/maps/index.html#
18. Major inventions of the 19th century Communications Telegraph = Samuel Morse 1844 Improved transatlantic cable = Cyrus W. Fields 1866 By 1900 all continents were linked Telephone = Alexander Graham Bell 1876
19. Other major inventions Typewriter – 1867 Cash register – 1879 Calculating machine – 1887 Eastman Kodak's Camera – 1888 Safety razor and blade - 1895
20. Greatest invention/inventor"Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration." Thomas Edison at Menlo Park in New Jersey First modern research Lab. Work as a team, not as individuals Over 1000 patents Phonograph Incandescent light bulb Dynamo – generating electric power Motion picture camera
21. Marketing consumer goods R. H. Macy and Marshall Field created large Department stores in urban centers Frank Woolworth created a nationwide chain Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward created mail-order companies Utilized the new rail system Order anything, catalogs were known as “the wish book”
22. Industrialization's impact Extreme division in wealth Richest 10% controlled 90% of nation’s wealth Often flaunted wealth Massive mansions, yachts, parties Vanderbilt’s had guests hunt for party favors using small silver shovels to look for gems hidden in the sand http://biltmore.com/
23. More demand = more work needs to be done Factory system is started Division of labor – increased efficiency because each person has a separate task Dehumanized workers Produced more, products are cheaper http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CReDRHDYhk8
24. Factory Work: better then slaves? 10-16 hours a day 6 days a week .75 cents a day or $380 a year Surplus of labor meant someone would work for low wages = supply and demand
25. Unsafe conditions Loss of limbs, lives, long term diseases No government assistance. No unemployment No workers compensation No insurance No social security
26. Life as a child in the mid-1800’s Many began work at age 6 1 in 5 children worked 1.75 million children worked textile factories, coal mills, farms, and other factories Worked 10-16 hours .25 cents a day No School Harsh, hazardous and unhealthy conditions
27. Political cartoons of Child Labor
28. More pictures of child labor
29. Coal miners 10-13 years old
30. Child Labor today
31. Where did the workers live? Wealthy moved out of cities and immigrants and poor moved into them Tenements – often windowless rooms, slums, often held 4,000 people in a city block Created dumbbell tenements Crowded Unhealthy Crime ridden Often called Ghettos
32. Workers of America Growing middle class Need for white collared jobs (salaried jobs that were not manual labor) Middle management Increased services needed (doctors, lawyers etc…)
33. Wage earners 2/3 population worked for wages (usually by the hour) 10-16 hour days 6 days a week Low wages Depended on additional income from women and children In 1890 11 million of the 12.5 million families earned less then $380 a year
34. Organized labor unions Unions were slow to start Lockouts – factories would shut down before a labor movement could get started Blacklists – pro-union workers names circulated and could not get hired Yellow – dog contracts – if hired they could not join a union Private guards/state militia – end strikes (usually through violence) Court injunctions against strikes
35. How did the Employers react? Did not like the unions Forbid union meetings Fired union organizers Forced new workers to sign contracts stating they would not join a union Refused to collective Bargain (negotiate with a group rather then individually) Refused to recognize unions
36. Unions reactions to Employers reactions Strikes – work stoppage working the employer to meet certain demands Often became violent