Chapter 7, Section 1 pp. 194-201 American History

1. Chapter 7, Section 1pp. 194-201American History “The Early Years of the War”

2. Essential Question How was it possible that American Patriots gained their independence from the powerful British Empire?

3. Terms and Names • George Washington - commander of the Continental Army; he defeated the British at Trenton, then Princeton. • John Burgoyne - British army general nicknamed “Gentleman Johnny;” led a force south from Canada, captured Fort Ticonderoga and continued south. He surrendered after the Battle of Saratoga. • Joseph Brant - Mohawk chief allied with the British

4. Terms and Names (continued) • Benedict Arnold - U.S. Army general during the Revolution; tricked the British at Fort Stanwix and lead an attack on Freeman’s Farm near Albany; later turned traitor • Horatio Gates - U.S. Army general in command of the Continental Army at Saratoga • Battle of Saratoga - turning point of the war; prevented the British from dividing the states and isolating New England. This victory convinced European nations to assist America in the war.

5. Terms and Names (continued) • neutral – not favoring any one side • pacifist – someone who is opposed to all war • mercenary – professional soldier hired to fight for foreign country • strategy – an overall plan of action • rendezvous – a meeting • guerrillas – small bands of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks

6. 2) Analyze Cause and Effect Suggestions: • The Revolution divides Americans 1. some enslaved African Americans escape to join the British 2. In the North, many African Americans join the Patriot army • American win at Trenton 1. proved Washington was a good general 2. American army attracts more recruits

7. 3) Why did the British want to control the Hudson River Valley? • They wanted to divide the states and isolate New England

8. 4) Why were the Battles of Saratoga (NY) important? • They proved that Americans might win the war and turned the tide of the war. • Helped convince some European nations to help the Americans

9. 5) Analyze graph • The Patriots did not have the support of the majority of the population • Most Americans were either Patriots or neutral

10. 6) Use of mercenaries was banned by the United Nations agreement in 1989.Why do you think this was? • Mercenaries might be more cruel • influenced by greed or desire for gain The Hessians were 18th-century German soldiers contracted for military service by the British government during the Revolutionary War. The British found it easier to borrow money to pay for their service than to recruit its own soldiers

11. Essential Question:How is it possible that American Patriots gained their independence from the powerful British Empire? • Washington’s leadership enabled him to build an army and keep it together • Women provided essential support, i.e. Deborah Sampson dressed as a man and joined the Continental Army • The American victory at Saratoga proved that they could win the war • European nations help the Americans

12. Coming Attractions • The War Expands: - frontier - sea -Army gets stronger and larger -European countries join the Patriot cause