Unveiling Tectonic Events: Volcanoes and Earthquakes

1. Notes: Stnd 22 Science Date Learning Intention: 8.ESS3.2 Tectonic Events Collect data, map, and describe patterns in the locations of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hotspots. Science and Engineering Practice(s) Construct Explanations, Argue from Evidence, Analyze & Interpret Data, Obtain and communicate information Crosscutting Concepts Cause and Effect, Stability and Change I Can Statement ...I can identify patterns about the locations of volcanoes and earthquakes and describe how these natural disasters are connected to tectonic processes.

2. Tectonic Events Volcanoes Volcanoes most often form at convergent boundaries. • They also form at divergent boundaries. • Volcanoes are not typically formed at transform boundaries. Convergent Boundary(where two places collide)

3. Plate Boundaries: Three Types The border/seam between two plates is called a boundary or a fault. (1) Divergent, (2) Convergent, and (3) Transform Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Transform Boundary

4. Tectonic Events Volcanoes Ring of Fire Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a belt of volcanoes that circles the Pacific Ocean. These volcanoes form along plate boundaries. Most of these boundaries along the Ring of Fire are convergent boundaries with subduction zones. Link (2:23): What is a volcano?

5. Tectonic Events Volcanoes Subduction zones are common at convergent boundaries. Volcanoes are formed in these zones due to heat and pressure. Subduction Zone(one plate is driven beneath another plate) Link (1:28): Volcanoes and Subduction Zones

6. Plate tectonics causes... volcanoes to form. Cause: heat and pressure at plate boundaries Effect: molten rock is pushed upwards to the surface Ring of Fire Link (6:34): Volcanoes and the Ring of Fire

7. Volcanoes: Hot Spots • Plumes of magma that rise up to the surface forming volcanoes • are called hot spots. • Most hot spots are located at mid-ocean ridges. Yet some • are located in the middle of plates, like Hawaii and Yellowstone. • Over millions of years, the Hawaiian Islands formed one by one as the Pacific plate slowly moved over a hot spot. 14 Million Years Ago Plate Motion South Plate Motion Plate Motion South South 7 Million Years Ago 28 Million Years Ago The magma plume above the stationary hot spot erupted to form island number 1. Then the plate moved South. Hot Spot Hot Spot 21 Million Years Ago The plate again moved South, and island number 3 was formed by the magma plume above the stationary hot spot. The plate moved South, and island number 2 was formed by the magma plume above the stationary hot spot. Plate Motion South The plate again moved South, and island number 4 was formed by the magma plume above the stationary hot spot. Hot Spot Hot Spot

8. Plate tectonics Causes... earthquakes to occur. Cause: friction/pressure at plate boundaries Effect: seismic waves in the rock (earthquakes) Each red dot represents a recorded earthquake. Notice that most of them occurred along plate boundaries

9. Tectonic Plate Movement Causes Earthquakes Earthquakes can occur at all three types of plate boundaries. earthquakes at convergent boundaries in subduction zones are generally very powerful. Convergent Boundary earthquakes at divergent boundaries tend to be shallow and weak. Divergent Boundary earthquakes at transform boundaries tend to be shallow but powerful. Transform Boundary

10. Notes: Stnd 22 Science Science Learning Intention: 8.ESS3.2 Tectonic Events Collect data, map, and describe patterns in the locations of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonics processes... Mapping Volcanoes Agenda 1) Examine/discuss geographic coordinate systems 2) Examine/discuss using latitude and longitude 3) Map volcanoes 5) Analyze and discuss results

11. Geographic Coordinate System: Latitude and Longitude • Parallel horizontal lines and parallel vertical lines are drawn on • the globe so that the entire planet is divided in a series of boxes. • Each line is numbered, and any location on Earth can be • identified as being in one of these boxes according to its unique numbers called coordinates. Link (57 sec): Longitude and Latitude

12. How to Determine Coordinates What are the coordinates for this ship wreck? Ship Wreck Lat: 20.5 N Answer Long: 70 W Step 01: Find upward coordinate (latitude), & add in N, S, E. or W. Step 02: Find lateral coordinate (longitude), & add in N, S, E. or W.

13. How to know which letter to add N, S, E, or W. Prime Meridian (Vertical Line) Latitude: North Longitude: West Latitude: North Longitude: East Equator (Horizontal Line) Latitude: South Longitude: West Latitude: South Longitude: East

14. California: San Andreas Fault • The North American plate is moving South-East. • The Pacific plate is moving North-West. • This transform boundary is called the San Andreas Fault. • Volcanoes and earthquakes occur along this boundary. Use this Map to Plot Volcanos and Earthquakes

15. Plot These California Volcanoes After you have plotted these, draw a line, north to south, connecting each coordinate. What does this line reveal?