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Taxonomy

KINGDOMS OF LIFE. Taxonomy. C17 Learning Targets Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity. C17.1 The History of Classification 17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

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Taxonomy

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  1. KINGDOMS OF LIFE Taxonomy

  2. C17 Learning TargetsEvolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity. C17.1 The History of Classification 17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

  3. TAXONOMY:the science of classification • Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

  4. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”) “Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

  5. PLANTS ANIMALS Herbs On Land Shrubs In the Air Trees In Water Aristotle created:TWO KINGDOMS

  6. 1707-1778 Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne`The Father of Modern Taxonomy

  7. Modern Taxonomy Classification of Life

  8. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE • Two word naming system • Genus - first word • Species - second word • Describes a characteristic of the organism • Latin is the language used (some Greek) • (Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

  9. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS 0RDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES “Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

  10. C17.1 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms. 2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature. 3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.

  11. C17.2 Modern Classification Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased.

  12. HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED: STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BREEDING BEHAVIOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA PHYLOGENY Evolutionary Tree CLADISTICS The Cladistic Method Cladograms MODE OF NUTRITION PROKARYOTEOR EUKARYOTE

  13. Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) • Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection • Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited • Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors • Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands

  14. 17.3 Domains and Kingdoms The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. The Three Domains of Life

  15. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE • PLANTS • ANIMALS • FUNGI • PROTISTS • EUBACTERIA • ARCHAEBACTERIA Glencoe textbook link

  16. KINGDOM PLANTAE • Multicellular • Eukaryotes • Autotrophs/ photosynthesis • Cell walls (made of cellulose) • Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores • Found on all types of land

  17. KINGDOM ANIMALIA • Multicellular • Eukaryotes • Ingestive heterotrophs • Cell membranes • Specialized cells • Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm • Found everywhere

  18. KINGDOM FUNGI • Multicellular (most) • Eukaryotes • Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion) • Cell walls (made of chitin) • Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores • Found in damp, dark environments

  19. KINGDOM PROTISTA • Unicellular or multicellular • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae) • Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike • Sexual and/or asexual reproduction • Found in aquatic habitats

  20. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA • Unicellular • Prokaryotes • Cell walls • Reproduce asexually (binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation) • Live in extreme habitats: 1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens) 2. Salty brines (Halophiles) 3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

  21. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA • Unicellular • Prokaryotes • Cell walls • Binary fission and/or conjugation • Some are: 1. Parasites 2. Saprophytes (saprobes) 3. Autotrophs • Live everywhere

  22. C17.3 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare the major characteristics of the three domains. 2. Explain four of the characteristics used to organize organisms into the six kingdoms.

  23. THE END!

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