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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Mongols. Ruled Mongolia to China, Russia, Central Asia, Middle East, and almost Europe Genghis Kahn: exemplified leadership and was able to exploit the social system inherent of nomadic life. Central Asia Steppes. Dry high plains; historically dominated by nomads

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Mongols

  2. Ruled Mongolia to China, Russia, Central Asia, Middle East, and almost Europe • Genghis Kahn: exemplified leadership and was able to exploit the social system inherent of nomadic life

  3. Central Asia Steppes • Dry high plains; historically dominated by nomads • Life determined by scarcity of resources • Contact between them could result in alliances or warfare • Mongols came from this and wanted to continue; hated cities

  4. Rise of the Mongols • Mongols formed complex federations, often tied together by marriage alliances • Women played an important role in negotiating these alliances • Nomads strove for self-sufficiency, but would trade with settled people

  5. Where does Genghis Stand? CONQUERERS (square miles they conquered) 1. Genghis Khan (1162-1227) 4,860,000 2. Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) 2,180,000 3. Timur (1336-1405) 2,145,000 4. Cyrus the Great (600-529 B.C.) 2,090,000 5. Attila (406-453) 1,450,000 6. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) 1,370,000 7. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) 720,000 But how was he able to accomplish this?

  6. Reasons for Mongol Success • Excelled in warfare: horse riding ability, properties of their bows, tactics, fear and terror • Adaptability: new weapons to suit their needs, different tactics to different defense • Inclusiveness: would offer protection for surrenders, use local religions to suit the needs of their conquests (Buddhism & Islam)

  7. PaxMongolica • Commerce prospered, and cosmopolitanism flourished under Pax Mongolica – continental political stability brought about by the stable and harsh Mongol rule which created unprecedented commercial integration of Eurasia • Opened up lines of direct communication between East Asia and Europe • Transaction = trade, technology, religion, disease

  8. Mongol Rule • Genghis unifies much of Eurasia (ruled from 1206-1227) • Alters balance of power, impose political control as well as cultural connectedness • Reaches height under Kublai Khan’s Yuan dynasty in China • Empire divides into 4 Khanates

  9. Golden Horde: Russia now exposed to Muslim and Asian civilizations • Converted to Islam and wanted to avenge death of last caliph – 1st conflict between Mongol domains

  10. Jagadai: Timur the Terrible reunited much of Central Asia • Brought Islamic civilization in Central Asia, influencing India

  11. Il-khan: sacked Baghdad and killed Abbasid Caliphate; converted to Islam • Islamic culture still flourished under “barbarians” • opened the door to western science and philosophy • Economic failures led to fragmentations among nobles Astrolabes The best known of the early Arab invented navigational instruments was the Astrolabe. Astrolabes were functionally effective (not to mention beautiful) instruments which enabled the user to "perform such diverse tasks as timekeeping at day and night, surveying, determining latitude, and casting horoscopes."  (British Museum). http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Exploration/Trade%20and%20Exploration.htm

  12. Great Khanate: Yuan Dynasty under Khubilai Khan • Beijing capital • Concentrated on counting the population and collecting taxes • 1340s fights over power among Mongol princes leading to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1500)

  13. 1400 overland routes are cut off from… • Black Death, economic depression, breakup of Mongol empire, Timur’s aggressiveness, Mings, antipathy towards foreigners

  14. What happened to the Mongols? • Difficult to maintain a large empire (i.e. Alexander & Rome) = overextension • Impact of Islam • Mongols assimilate into the culture in Russia, China, Middle East • Allowed local religions to stay in place and brought more centralized governments

  15. Ivan III, 1462-1505 • Frees Russia from the Golden Horde • First to call himself the “Tsar of all Russia” • Rebuilt the Kremlin (citadel) and constructed the Cathedral of the Assumption

  16. After fall of Mongols Lithuania, Serbia, and Ottoman states emerged • China, Korea, Japan and Annam became stronger states with political identity

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