Ancient Civilizations

1. Ancient Civilizations The World of Islam

2. Arabs • Arabs = nomadic bedouins, Semitic speaking people who lived in Arabian Peninsula • Hostile surroundings made the Arabs move constantly to continue to feed their animals • Arabs organized into independent tribes to help each other with difficult lives • Sheikh = leader of tribe • Early Arabs herded sheep & farmed on the Arabian peninsula • After domestication of camel, expanded caravan trade from between Persian gulf & Mediterranean

3. Bedouins

5. Arabs • Early Arabs were polytheistic, Allah = main god • Traced their ancestry to Abraham & his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built a shrine called the Kaaba at Mecca • Black Stone, cornerstone of Kaaba, revered for its association with Abraham

7. Muhammad • Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned early • Became a caravan merchant & married his boss, a rich widow named Khadija • Muhammad was troubled with gap between the greedy rich & honest poor • Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the issue • While meditating, Muhammad received revelation from God through the angel Gabriel

9. Muhammad • Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed himself partially to Moses & Jesus and his final revelations were to him • Islam = submission to the will of Allah • Quran = Muslim bible based on Muhammad revelations • Quran contains ethical guidelines for Muslims • Islam has only one god, Muhammad is the prophet

10. Mosque Of The Prophet In Madinah

11. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: Where Muhammad Ascended Into Heaven

12. ISLAM • Muhammad became a religious, political, & military leader • He assembled a military force to defend community/ military victories attracted many followers • In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 soldiers/ city surrendered & many residents converted to Islam • Muhammad declared the Kaaba to be a sacred shrine • Muhammad died 2 years later, Islam spread through the Arabian peninsula

13. The Quran: Holy Book Of Islam

14. Five Pillars of Islam • Faith – Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is his prophet. • Prayer – five times a day toward Makkah, noon on Fridays at mosque. • Alms Giving. • Fasting – during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset. • Pilgrimage - a hajj to Makkah once in lifetime

15. There is no deity except Allah (the One and Only God), Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

18. Celebrating The Last Day of Ramadan

19. Pilgrims On The Road to And Camped Outside of Makkah Pil

20. Al-Haram Mosque Holds the Kaaba

22. Values: Honor parents Be kind to neighbors Protect widows and orphans Give to the poor Condemns: Murder Stealing Lying Adultery The Quran Forbids: Gambling Pork Alcohol Regulates: Marriage Divorce Inheritance Business Endorses: Polygamy Slavery Jihad

23. Muslim Cartoon

24. Creation of Arab Empire • Difficult finding leadership after Muhammad’s death • Abu Bakr = Muhammad’s father-in-law was chosen to be successor/ called caliph = successor to Muhammad • Bakr & Muhammad used Jihad to spread movement of Islam • Jihad = “struggle in way of god” • By 650 Egypt, Syria, & Persian empire were part of Arab empire/ Done under leadership of Bakr • Death in battle was assured place in palace/enhanced military courage

25. Abu Bakr Muhammad Surrounded by the Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs

26. The Meaning of Jihad 1. Jihad against oneself - the daily struggle against evil and temptation in life. 2. Jihad with knowledge - the struggle to use knowledge, particularly from the Qur'an, to fight ignorance and to gain converts to Islam not through battle, but through the power of Qur'anic knowledge. 3. Jihad with wealth - the struggle to give up material wealth for the benefit of Islam, through charitable donations. 4. Jihad with the sword - the physical struggle to defend Islam against harm from unbelievers. Muslims believe that if they give their lives in this military jihad they will be rewarded with eternal paradise. 5. Jihad through righteousness - the struggle to continuously undertake good deeds to please God and benefit humanity.

28. Arab Empire • First 2 caliphs after Abu Bakr were killed • In 656 Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, became caliph but was assassinated 5 years later

29. Ali and Sons Ali's Shrine

30. Umayyad Dynasty • In 661, general Mu’awiyah became caliph/ was rival of Ali • Was governor of Syria & moved capital from Medinah to Damascus • Was known for only using force if necessary • Made the office of caliph hereditary • 8th century Arabs conquered & converted the Berbers = lived on coast of North Africa • Occupied southern Spain/ By 725 Spain was Muslim state • Arabs were defeated at Battle of Tours ending European expansion

31. Mu'awiyah

32. Damascus: Umayyad Capital

34. Umayyad Dynasty • In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople, but their navy was defeated by Byzantines • Internal struggles led to revolts • Most important revolt was led by Hussein, 2nd son of Ali/ Most of his followers defected and he fought 10,000 soldiers with 72….All died • The struggles caused Islam to split into two groups, the Shiite & Sunni • Split continues today….Most Muslims are Sunnis, but much of Iraq & Iran consider themselves Shiites

35. Abbasid Dynasty • In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty & founded Abbasid which lasted until 1258 • In 762, Abbasid built new capital of Baghdad on the Tigris river/ location took advantage of river & caravan traffic • Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age/ known for charity and patronage • Son = al Ma’mun was a great patron of learning • Baghdad became center of a huge trade empire

36. Baghdad

37. Abbasid Dynasty Falls • Abbasid experienced problems; fighting over succession of caliph • Vast wealth led to financial corruption • Shortage of qualified Arabs to fill government positions allowed non-Arabs to become a dominant force in the military & bureaucracy which led disintegration • Rulers of provinces began to break away • Spain, Morocco, Egypt = independent with own caliphate

38. Umayyad Mosque In Spain Samanid Mosque In Bukhara

39. Fatimid Mosque in Cairo

40. Seljuk Turks & Crusades • Fatimid dynasty became center of Islamic civilization = important because it was located on Nile river = Cairo • Created a strong army by non-native soldiers = Seljuk Turks • Seljuk Turks = nomadic people from central Asia, converted to Islam • Took over much of Abbasid empire & captured Baghdad; held political and military power • Turks took over Anatolian plateau, Byzantine empire turned west for help

41. Crusades • Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked Christian states of Europe for help against Turks • Europeans agreed and a series of Crusades began in 1096 • Crusaders put Muslims on defensive first • 1169, Saladin took control of Egypt & ended Fatimid dynasty, took offensive @ Christians • 1187, Saladin’s army destroyed the Christian forces in the kingdom of Jerusalem • Main effect of Crusades = centuries of mistrust between Muslims & Christians

43. Mongols • Pastoral people who came out of the Gobi desert in early 13th century • Were highly destructive conquerors whose goal was to create such a terror that people would not fight back • 1258, Mongols seized Persia & Mesopotamia • Leader – Hulegu hated Islam, detroyed Baghdad & Abbasid caliphate ended • Mongols advanced as far as the Red Sea • They failed to conquer because resistance of Mamluks = Turkish slave soldiers who had power after overthrowing Saladin

44. Mongols • Mongol leaders began to convert to Islam & intermarried with local peoples • 14th century, Mongol empire split into separate kingdoms • Islamic empire ended • Because Mongols had destroyed Baghdad, Cairo became center of Islamic civilization

45. Mongols

46. Genghis Khan United Mongol Cavalry

47. Kublai Khan

50. mmm…Spaghetti