World History

1. World History Chapter Five Section Two

2. Conquest • Carthage – city-state in North Africa settled by Phoenician traders • Ruled over area in north Africa and the western Mediterranean • Rome expanded and met Carthage which led to fighting between the two

4. Punic Wars • Three Punic wars between Rome and Carthage • First Punic War – Rome defeated Carthage and won control of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. • Second Punic War – Carthage attack led by Hannibal – led troops from North Africa, across the straight of Gibraltar, over the Pyrenees and the Alps, to Rome • One-third of Hannibal’s army was lost in trek

5. Hannibal • Surprised Romans and for fifteen years he waged war on the Romans all across Italy • Could never capture Rome as army was too small to do so • To get rid of Hannibal, Rome attacked Carthage • Hannibal had to return to defend homeland and he was defeated there by Scipio Africanus – Roman general • Carthage was defeated and gave up all land outside of Africa

6. Punic Wars • Third Punic War – • “Carthage must be destroyed” – Cato • Carthage was destroyed by Rome and salt poured on the ground to make sure nothing could grow there • City was burned and walls destroyed – all survivors were sold into slavery – 50,000 • City was later rebuilt by Rome as a city of their own

7. Imperialism • Imperialism – establishing control over foreign lands and people • Expanded east – fought the Greeks/Macedonians for control of Alexander the Greats old empire • Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor fell to Rome • Egypt allied with Rome

8. Rome at Home • Trade increased • New wealthy merchants emerged • More money in Rome • Wealthy families bought large amounts of land – latifundia • Forced captured to people to be slaves on the latifundia

9. Slave Labor • Farmers could not compete with the slave labor • Imported grains from foreign lands • Both of these caused farmers to go into debt • Farmers went to Rome to find jobs • Large unemployed population – unrest • New money led to increased corruption – greed and self-interest replaced the qualities that Rome was founded on – hard work, simplicity, devotion to duty

10. Reform • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – brothers and patricians, attempted to reform the Republic • Tiberius created a tribune to that was supposed to give land to farmers • Gaius – created another reform in which food was given to the poor • Reforms angered the Senate – thought it was taking their power away • Brothers and followers were killed by the senators who hired criminals to kill them

11. Republic Declines • Could not solve problems – civil wars broke out • Cause: Senate wanted to keep power and reformers wanted to weaken the senate and pass reforms to help people • Elsewhere Rome’s allies and controlled lands were also revolting • Army was now under control of general in charge and was more loyal to leader than to Rome

12. Julius Caesar • Military commander – conquered Gaul after nine years of fighting • Pompey – another Roman general was afraid of Caesar’s power and convinced the Senate to order him to disband his army return to Rome • Caesar refused and snuck into Rome after crossing the Rubicon river and began a civil war • Caesar defeated Pompey and his men

13. Caesar • He then took it upon himself to put down all rebellions in the Mediterranean area • “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered • Returned to Rome after victories and forced the Senate to make him the dictator of Rome • He kept the senate around but was in absolute control

15. Caesar’s Reforms • Public works programs to help the unemployed • Reorganized the government of provinces • Gave citizenship to more people • New calendar based on the Egyptians

16. Caesar Killed • People worried Caesar would declare himself king of Rome • Plot by Senators to kill him – lured him by telling him there was a petition for him to read • Casca tried to stab him in the throat, Caesar stopped him • He was stabbed to death by Brutus on the Ides of March – (March 15) 44 B.C.

17. Fight for Power • After Caesar’s death Mark Antony – Caesar’s chief general and Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew, fought for power • Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra • Given the title Augustus by the Senate after victory • Did not call himself king – as they hated the term but he acted like one and declared his successor

19. Augustus • Built stable empire • High-level jobs open to all intelligent men • Used civil servants to enforce laws • Ordered a census – population count – for accurate tax records • Postal service and new coins • Gave jobless work – building roads, temples, farm • One problem – who would rule when emperor died?

20. Bad Emperors • Often fought over who would be ruler, named • Caligula and Nero – thought to be evil and crazy • Caligula – made his favorite horse his consul • Nero – persecuted Christians – blamed for setting fire that destroyed a lot of Rome

21. Good Emperors • Hadrian – codified Roman law – making it the same for everyone • Built wall in Britain to protect Romans from attacks from the north – Hadrian’s Wall • Marcus Aurelius – close to being Plato’s “Philosopher King” • Pax Romana – Roman Peace – began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius

22. Pax Romana • Peace, order, unity, prosperity in Roman empire • Lasted for 200 years • Maintained roads • Navy chased pirates • Egyptians supplied grain • Ivory, gold, lions and other animals – Africa • Spices, cotton, precious stones – India • Silk Road from China brought in other items • Spread of ideas and culture because of trade

23. Entertainment • Circus Maximus – racecourse – chariots ran on an oval course • Fans of the races bet on them • Gladiator contests were the most popular • Most gladiators were slaves trained to fight • A good fighter could win freedom • Thumbs up – save him, Thumbs down – kill him • Good economic times hid the social problems • “bread and circus” economics – bad for Rome

27. Gladiator Fight Scene