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MINERALS

MINERALS. http://sciencespot.net/Media/mghtmincl.gif. Mineral Composition. •     Minerals are made of _______________ Elements are made up of ____________ Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are invisible Atoms are organized on the _________Table of Elements. Atoms.

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MINERALS

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  1. MINERALS http://sciencespot.net/Media/mghtmincl.gif

  2. Mineral Composition •     Minerals are made of _______________ • Elements are made up of ____________ • Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are invisible • Atoms are organized on the _________Table of Elements

  3. Atoms • They contain 3 parts… • Protons • Found in the _______ • ____________charge • Neutrons • Found in the _______ • Charge of _________ • Electrons • ________the nucleus • ____________charge

  4. Element • A substance in which all of the atoms are the same. • The major elements in Earth’s crust are • O - _____________ • Si -_____________ • Al -_____________ • Fe -_____________ • A________________is a substance in which there are 2 or more types of atoms.

  5. Periodic TableWhere elements are arranged • Atomic number • Number of ___________ • Element symbol • Atomic mass • Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons

  6. Symbols to know •       Aluminum – Al •       Calcium – Ca •       Carbon – C •       Chlorine – Cl •       Copper – Cu •       Helium – He •       Hydrogen – H •       Iron – Fe •       Lead – Pb •       Gold- Au •       Argon- Ar •       Magnesium – Mg •       Mercury - Hg •       Nitrogen – N •       Oxygen – O •       Potassium – K •       Silicon – Si •      Sodium – Na •       Sulfur – S •       Uranium – U • Silver- Ag • Phosphorus-P

  7. Periodic Table Information • Each element is made of all the ____________kind of atom • Elements can combine together to form compounds which have a definite chemical _________________ • Which elements combine depend on the electron configuration. • Substances can combine to form _______________________.

  8. Connection to Minerals • Minerals are made up of a single _____________or a compound. • Since compounds are combinations of elements, it is important to know how and why elements combine. • The properties of minerals are due to the internal structure of the atoms.  • Otherwise known as their _____________arrangement. • _________crystal structures

  9. Characteristics of a Mineral • _________________occurring • _________________(generally) • __________________substance • __________________chemical composition • Orderly ______________structure pyrite http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/images/pyrite_sm.jpg

  10. What are minerals? • Minerals are aggregates of _____________. • This means many different minerals make up rocks. • Some major rock forming minerals • ___________________ • ___________________ • ___________________ • ___________________

  11. Mineral Formation • Cooling of ________________- The slower the rate of cooling the __________________the crystal. • Precipitation - evaporation of water leaves the mineral behind- _____________ 3. Pressure and Temperature - causes atoms to rearrange and form ______________minerals 4. Hydrothermal solutions -mineral formation from _____________mixtures.

  12. Mineral Groups • 4000 minerals make up the Earth’s crust, but 98% of the crust is made up of only 8 elements. • Most rock forming minerals are ______________. • Silicates are minerals that contain _____________and _____________and usually one or two more elements. • Other minerals are classified by their composition. Examples include carbonates, oxides, and halides.

  13. Silicates contain silicon and oxygen, the two most common elements in Earth’s crust - make up 90% of all minerals -common silicates: __________________ http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Slideshow/Show1/k-spar11.jpg http://mineralminers.com/images/rock-crystal/quartz-crystals/quartz-crystal-clusters.jpg

  14. Non silicates • Non-silicates – -______________ contain a combination of silicon & oxygen http://ms.yccd.edu/earth_science/PhysicalGeology/nonsilicates.jpg

  15. Carbonates • Composed of carbonate compound: ________ • Examples: calcite and dolomite http://richardkruse.com/Misc_Photos/Minerals/Mineral_Calcite_RK2008.jpg http://portableplant.net/oreimages/dolomite.jpg

  16. Oxide Group • Composed of ____________and a _________ • Examples: hematite and magnetite http://www.mii.org/Minerals/minpics/Magnetite.jpg http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2004/10/28_30e4ecba792d2b734beb4d32901c1f58.jpg

  17. Sulfates and Sulfides • Minerals that contain element ____________ • Sulfates: • Anhydrite • Gypsum • Sulfides • Galena • pyrite gypsum http://geology.com/minerals/photos/gypsum-159.jpg pyrite http://www.mineralminers.com/images/pyrite/mins/pytm174.jpg

  18. Halides • Contain a ____________ • From Group 17 • Example: halite (NaCl)- tastes like salt!

  19. Native Elements • Minerals containing only one __________or type of atom • Gold • Silver • Copper • Sulfur • carbon http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/Gold%203.jpg http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/Silver.jpg http://www.rocksforkids.com/images/copper%20straw.jpg

  20. Two Major Mineral Groups Silicates Non-silicates Carbonates Oxides Sulfates sulfides Halides Native Elements Contain silicon and oxygen; olivine, mica, feldspar, quartz Contain Sulfur; gypsum, galena, pyrite Contain a halogen – From Group 17; halite (NaCl) Contain only one type of atom or element; gold, silver, copper, sulfur Contain O and one or more other elements, Usually a metal; hematite Contain C, O and one or more other metallic elements; calcite, dolomite

  21. Properties of MineralsMineral Identification • Physical and Chemical • Nearly 4000 different minerals exist, but only 50 are common. These minerals are identified using ____________ basic characteristics.

  22. Color The same mineral may exhibit many __________________colors Ex: Quartz rose/purple/smoky/clear ____________a good mineral identifier

  23. Hardness • The measure of resistance to abrasion. • Hardness is measured on a scale called ____________Hardness scale. • ____________is the softest mineral. • Quartz is the hardest common mineral. • __________________is the hardest mineral http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/QuartzUSGOV.jpg Quartz Diamond Talc

  24. HARDNESS Four common objects that are used to test hardness: • your fingernail (hardness is approx. 2.5) • a copper penny (hardness is approx. 3.0) • a steel knife blade (hardness is approx. 5.5) • glass (hardness is approx. 6.0)

  25. Streak • The color of the mineral in _____________form. • This can be determined by using a streak ______ • Metallic minerals leave a dark streak. • The color of a powdered sample of a mineral – always the __________!

  26. Luster • The appearance or quality of light _____ from a minerals surface. • The luster can be metallic or nonmetallic. • If a mineral is nonmetallic it can have vitreous, pearly, resinous or earthy lusters.

  27. Density (Specific Gravity) • All minerals have density (mass / volume), but some are very dense • Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of _________________ http://www.minerals.net/mineral/elements/gold/gold1.htm

  28. Cleavage Cleavage of BiotiteMica: one-directional • Tendency of mineral to cleave, or ______, along flat, even surfaces, where bonding is weak. • Mica has excellent cleavage. • It breaks into thin sheets Rhombic Cleavage of Calcite: (3-directions) Cubic Cleavage of Halite: 3-directions

  29. Fracture • The mineral exhibits ____ cleavage. • Fracture is a type of break where __________ jagged surfaces are produced. • If a mineral breaks in smooth curved surfaces it has conchoidal fracture. • Examples = sulfur & pyrite fracture

  30. Unique properties of minerals • Effervescence • When dilute HCL acid is dropped on a mineral it begins to ____________. This identifies the presence of Calcium Carbonate. • Florescence • The mineral _________when you put it under UV light (blacklight) • Magnetism • The mineral exhibits ______________properties. • Double Refraction • Mineral ___________light and gives “double refraction”

  31. Why are minerals important? • Minerals make up ______________ • Provide valuable ______________ - Economic and manufacturing resources • Key evidence that the Earth and dynamic and __________________

  32. Ore • Ores are minerals that contain useful substances that can be mined for ___________. • A common example is bauxite which is turned into aluminum. • Major ore minerals: • Pyrite • Magnetite • Hematite • Galena • Graphite • sulfur Iron Ore

  33. Uses of minerals • __________ is used for wiring • ________ is used for jewelry • ____ is used for baby powder • Quartz is used for _________ • Limestone can be processed to make ___________ • Gems are brighter and more colorful than common minerals. This makes them __________and highly prized. http://buygoldinternational.com/img/upload/gold-jewelry.jpg

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